Xa i-ICI yaqalisa i-paraquat kwimarike ngo-1962, umntu wayengenakuze acinge ukuba i-paraquat iya kuba nengxaki enzima nenzima kangaka kwixesha elizayo. Le herbicide ibalaseleyo engakhethiyo nebanzi yayidweliswe kuluhlu lwesibini ngobukhulu lwe-herbicide kwihlabathi. Ukuhla kwayo kwakukade kuyintloni, kodwa ngenxa yexabiso eliqhubekayo eliphezulu leShuangcao kulo nyaka kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba iqhubeke nokunyuka, iyasokola kwimarike yehlabathi, kodwa i-paraquat efikelelekayo izisa ithemba.
I-contact herbicide egqwesileyo engakhethiyo
I-Paraquat sisibulali-zinambuzane se-bipyridine. Isibulali-zinambuzane sisibulali-zinambuzane esingakhethiyo esaphuhliswa yi-ICI ngeminyaka yoo-1950. Sinoluhlu olubanzi lokubulala ukhula, sisebenza ngokukhawuleza ekuthinteni, simelana nokukhukuliseka kwemvula, kwaye asikhethi. Nezinye iimpawu ezintle.
I-Paraquat ingasetyenziselwa ukulawula ukhula ngaphambi kokutyala okanye emva kokuhluma kwiigadi zeziqhamo, umbona, umoba, iimbotyi zesoya kunye nezinye izityalo. Ingasetyenziswa njenge-desiccant ngexesha lokuvuna kwaye ikwasetyenziswa njenge-defoliant.
I-Paraquat ibulala i-chloroplast membrane yokhula ngokuyintloko ngokuchukumisa iindawo eziluhlaza zokhula, ichaphazela ukwakheka kwe-chlorophyll kokhula, ngaloo ndlela ichaphazela i-photosynthesis yokhula, kwaye ekugqibeleni iyeke ngokukhawuleza ukukhula kokhula. I-Paraquat inefuthe elibi kakhulu kwizicubu eziluhlaza zezityalo ze-monocot kunye ne-dicot. Ngokubanzi, ukhula lunokutshintsha umbala kwiiyure ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-3 emva kokusetyenziswa.
Imeko kunye nemeko yokuthumela ngaphandle iparaquat
Ngenxa yobuthi beparaquat emzimbeni womntu kunye nomonakalo onokubakho kwimpilo yabantu kwinkqubo yokusetyenziswa kwayo ngokungaqhelekanga, iparaquat ayivumelekanga kumazwe angaphezu kwama-30 kuquka iManyano yaseYurophu, iTshayina, iThailand, iSwitzerland kunye neBrazil.
Ngokwedatha ekhutshwe yi-360 Research Reports, intengiso yehlabathi yeparaquat ngo-2020 yehle yaya kuthi ga kwi-100 yezigidi zeerandi zaseMelika. Ngokwengxelo yeSyngenta malunga neparaquat ekhutshwe ngo-2021, iSyngenta okwangoku ithengisa iparaquat kumazwe angama-28. Kukho iinkampani ezingama-377 kwihlabathi liphela ezibhalise iifomyula zeparaquat ezisebenzayo. ISyngenta ibandakanya malunga nenye yeentengiso zehlabathi zeparaquat. Ikota.
Ngowama-2018, iTshayina yathumela ngaphandle iitoni ezingama-64,000 zeparaquat kunye neetoni ezingama-56,000 ngowama-2019. Iindawo eziphambili zokuthumela ngaphandle iiparaquat zeTshayina ngowama-2019 yiBrazil, iIndonesia, iNigeria, iUnited States, iMexico, iThailand, iOstreliya, njl.
Nangona iparaquat ivaliwe kumazwe abalulekileyo avelisa ezolimo afana ne-European Union, iBrazil, neTshayina, kwaye umthamo wokuthumela ngaphandle uye wehla kakhulu kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, phantsi kweemeko ezikhethekileyo apho amaxabiso e-glyphosate kunye ne-glufosinate-ammonium aqhubeka ephezulu kulo nyaka kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba aqhubeke enyuka, iParaquat, uhlobo oluphantse luphelelwe lithemba, iya kungenisa amandla amatsha.
Amaxabiso aphezulu eShuangcao akhuthaza imfuno yehlabathi yeparaquat
Ngaphambili, xa ixabiso le-glyphosate laliyi-26,000 yuan/ton, i-paraquat yayiyi-13,000 yuan/ton. Ixabiso langoku le-glyphosate liseyi-80,000 yuan/ton, kwaye ixabiso le-glufosinate lingaphezulu kwe-350,000 yuan. Ngaphambili, imfuno ephezulu yehlabathi ye-paraquat yayimalunga ne-260,000 yeetoni (ngokusekwe kwi-42% yemveliso yokwenyani), emalunga ne-80,000 yeetoni. Imarike yaseTshayina imalunga ne-15,000 yeetoni, iBrazil iitoni ezili-10,000, iThailand iitoni ezili-10,000, kunye ne-Indonesia, i-United States, kunye neThailand, iNigeria, iIndiya kunye namanye amazwe.
Ngokuthintelwa kwamayeza emveli afana neTshayina, iBrazil, neThailand, ngokwethiyori, ngaphezulu kweetoni ezingama-30,000 zesithuba semarike zikhululwe. Nangona kunjalo, kulo nyaka, ngokunyuka ngokukhawuleza kwamaxabiso e-“Shuangcao” kunye neDiquat, kunye nemarike engenabantu eMelika Ngokukhululwa kokusetyenziswa koomatshini, imfuno kwimarike yase-US okanye eMntla Melika inyuke malunga ne-20%, nto leyo eye yavuselela imfuno yeparaquat kwaye yaxhasa ixabiso layo ukuya kwinqanaba elithile. Okwangoku, umlinganiselo wexabiso/ukusebenza kweparaquat ukhuphisana ngakumbi ukuba ungaphantsi kwama-40,000. amandla.
Ukongeza, abafundi abakuMzantsi-mpuma weAsia ngokubanzi babike ukuba kwiindawo ezifana neVietnam, iMalaysia, neBrazil, ukhula lukhula ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lemvula, kwaye iparaquat inokumelana kakuhle nokukhukuliseka kwemvula. Amaxabiso ezinye izibulali-zinambuzane ze-biocidal anyukile kakhulu. Abalimi kwezi ndawo basafuna kakhulu. Abathengi basekuhlaleni bathi amathuba okufumana iparaquat kwiindlela ezingwevu ezifana norhwebo lwemida ayanda.
Ukongeza, izinto eziluhlaza zeparaquat, ipyridine, zezoshishino lweekhemikhali zamalahle olusezantsi. Ixabiso langoku lizinzile kwi-28,000 yuan/ton, nto leyo eyonyuko olukhulu ukusuka kwixabiso eliphantsi langaphambili le-21,000 yuan/ton, kodwa ngelo xesha i-21,000 yuan/ton yayisele iphantsi kunomgca weendleko we-2.4 amawaka alishumi e-yuan/ton. Ke ngoko, nangona ixabiso le-pyridine linyukile, lisekwixabiso elifanelekileyo, eliya kunceda ngakumbi ukunyuka kwemfuno yehlabathi yeparaquat. Abavelisi abaninzi beparaquat basekhaya nabo kulindeleke ukuba bazuze kulo.
Umthamo wamashishini amakhulu emveliso yeparaquat
Kulo nyaka, ukukhutshwa kwamandla okuvelisa iparaquat (nge-100%) kulinganiselwe, kwaye iTshayina yeyona mveliso iphambili yeparaquat. Kuyaqondakala ukuba iinkampani zasekhaya ezifana neRed Sun, Jiangsu Nuoen, Shandong Luba, Hebei Baofeng, Hebei Lingang, kunye neSyngenta Nantong zivelisa iparaquat. Ngaphambili, xa iparaquat yayikwizinga eliphezulu, iShandong Dacheng, Sanonda, Lvfeng, Yongnong, Qiaochang, kunye neXianlong zaziphakathi kwabavelisi beparaquat. Kuyaqondakala ukuba ezi nkampani azisavelisi paraquat.
I-Red Sun inezityalo ezintathu zokuvelisa i-paraquat. Phakathi kwazo, i-Nanjing Red Sun Biochemical Co., Ltd. inomthamo wemveliso ophakathi kweetoni eziyi-8,000-10,000. IkwiNanjing Chemical Industrial Park. Kunyaka ophelileyo, i-42% yeemveliso ezibonakalayo yayinemveliso yenyanga eyi-2,500-3,000 yeetoni. Kulo nyaka, iyeke ngokupheleleyo imveliso. . Isityalo sase-Anhui Guoxing sinomthamo wemveliso oyi-20,000 yeetoni. Isityalo saseShandong Kexin sinomthamo wemveliso oyi-2,000 yeetoni. Umthamo wemveliso weRed Sun ukhutshwa kwi-70%.
IJiangsu Nuoen inomthamo wemveliso weetoni ezili-12,000 zeparaquat, kwaye imveliso yokwenyani imalunga neetoni ezili-10,000, nto leyo ekhupha malunga ne-80% yamandla ayo; IShandong Luba inomthamo wemveliso weetoni ezili-10,000 zeparaquat, kwaye imveliso yayo yokwenyani imalunga neetoni ezingama-7,000, nto leyo ekhupha malunga ne-70% yamandla ayo emveliso; Imveliso yeparaquat kaHebei Baofeng yi-5,000 yeetoni; IHebei Lingang inomthamo wemveliso weetoni ezingama-5,000 zeparaquat, kwaye imveliso yokwenyani imalunga neetoni ezingama-3,500; ISyngenta Nantong inomthamo wemveliso weetoni ezili-10,000 zeparaquat, kwaye imveliso yokwenyani imalunga neetoni ezingama-5,000.
Ukongeza, iSyngenta ineziko lokuvelisa iitoni ezingama-9,000 kwisityalo saseHuddersfield e-United Kingdom kunye nesikhululo seetoni ezili-1,000 eBrazil. Kuyaqondakala ukuba lo nyaka uphinde wachaphazeleka yintsholongwane kwimeko yokuncipha okukhulu kwemveliso, nto leyo eyehlisa imveliso ngama-50% ngexesha elinye.
isishwankathelo
I-Paraquat iseneengenelo ezingenakutshintshwa kumazwe amaninzi kwihlabathi liphela. Ukongeza, amaxabiso angoku e-glyphosate kunye ne-glufosinate njengabakhuphisana nawo akwinqanaba eliphezulu kwaye ukunikezelwa kwayo kuncinci, nto leyo enika umbono omkhulu wokwanda kwemfuno ye-paraquat.
IiOlimpiki zasebusika zaseBeijing ziza kubanjwa ngoFebruwari kunyaka ozayo. Ukususela ngoJanuwari 2022, iifektri ezininzi ezinkulu kumantla eTshayina zijongene nomngcipheko wokumisa imveliso kangangeentsuku ezingama-45. Okwangoku, kusenokwenzeka kakhulu, kodwa kusekho ukungaqiniseki okuthile. Ukumiswa kwemveliso kuya kuyenza mandundu ngakumbi ingxinano phakathi kokunikezelwa kunye nemfuno ye-glyphosate kunye nezinye iimveliso. Imveliso kunye neentengiso zeparaquat kulindeleke ukuba zithathe eli thuba ukuze zifumane inkxaso.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Novemba-24-2021