Ukumelana nokhula kubhekisa kubuchule obuzuzwe njengelifa be-biotype yokhula bokusinda kwi-herbicide apho uluntu lokuqala lwaluchaphazeleka khona. I-biotype liqela lezityalo ngaphakathi kohlobo oluthile oluneempawu zebhayoloji (ezifana nokuxhathisa kwi-herbicide ethile) ezingaqhelekanga kuluntu lonke.
Ukumelana nemithi yokubulala ukhula kusenokuba yingxaki enkulu kakhulu ejongene nabalimi baseNorth Carolina. Kwihlabathi liphela, iintlobo zebhayoloji ezingaphezu kwe-100 zokhula zaziwa ngokuba zimelana nemithi yokubulala ukhula enye okanye ezingaphezulu ezisetyenziswa rhoqo. ENorth Carolina, okwangoku sine-biotype ye-goosegrass emelana nemithi yokubulala ukhula ye-dinitroaniline (Prowl, Sonalan, kunye neTreflan), i-biotype ye-cocklebur emelana ne-MSMA kunye ne-DSMA, kunye ne-biotype ye-ryegrass yonyaka emelana neHoelon.
Kude kube kutshanje, bekungekho nkxalabo ingako malunga nophuhliso lokumelana ne-herbicide eNorth Carolina. Nangona sineentlobo ezintathu ezine-biotypes ezichasene ne-herbicide ethile, ukuvela kwezi biotypes bekucaciswa ngokulula ngokutyala izityalo kwindawo enye. Abalimi ababejikelezisa izityalo babengenaso isidingo sokukhathazeka malunga nokuxhathisa. Nangona kunjalo, imeko itshintshile kwiminyaka yakutshanje ngenxa yophuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwe-herbicide ezininzi ezinendlela efanayo yokusebenza (Iitheyibhile 15 kunye ne-16). Indlela yokusebenza ibhekisa kwinkqubo ethile apho i-herbicide ibulala isityalo esisengozini. Namhlanje, i-herbicide enendlela efanayo yokusebenza ingasetyenziswa kwizityalo ezininzi ezinokukhuliswa ngokujikeleza. Eyona nto ixhalabisayo yile i-herbicide ethintela inkqubo ye-enzyme ye-ALS (Itheyibhile 15). Ezininzi ze-herbicide zethu ezisetyenziswa kakhulu zii-ALS inhibitors. Ukongeza, uninzi lwe-herbicide ezintsha ekulindeleke ukuba zibhaliswe kwiminyaka emi-5 ezayo zii-ALS inhibitors. Njengeqela, ii-ALS inhibitors zineempawu ezininzi ezibonakala zizenza zibe sengozini yokuphuhliswa kokumelana nezityalo.
Izibulali-zinambuzane zisetyenziswa kwimveliso yezityalo kuba nje zisebenza ngcono okanye zinoqoqosho ngakumbi kunezinye iindlela zokulawula ukhula. Ukuba ukumelana nokhula oluthile okanye usapho lwezibulali-zinambuzane luyavela, ezinye izibulali-zinambuzane ezifanelekileyo zisenokungabikho. Umzekelo, okwangoku akukho zibulali-zinambuzane ezichasene neHoelon ryegrass. Ngenxa yoko, izibulali-zinambuzane kufuneka zijongwe njengezixhobo ezimele zikhuselwe. Kufuneka sisebenzise izibulali-zinambuzane ngendlela ethintela uphuhliso lokumelana nokhula.
Ukuqonda indlela ukuxhathisa okuguquka ngayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela yokuphepha ukuxhathisa. Kukho izinto ezimbini ezifunekayo ukuze kubekho ukuxhathisa ukhula. Okokuqala, ukhula ngalunye olunezakhi zofuzo ezinika ukuxhathisa kufuneka lubekho kuluntu lwasekuhlaleni. Okwesibini, uxinzelelo lokukhetha oluvela ekusetyenzisweni kakhulu kwe-herbicide apho ezi zilwanyana zingaqhelekanga zingaxhathisi khona kufuneka lusetyenziswe kuluntu. Abantu abaxhathisi, ukuba bakhona, benza ipesenti ephantsi kakhulu kuluntu luphela. Ngokwesiqhelo, abantu abaxhathisi bakhona rhoqo ukusuka kwi-1 kwi-100,000 ukuya kwi-1 kwi-1 kwi-100 yezigidi. Ukuba i-herbicide efanayo okanye i-herbicide enendlela efanayo yokusebenza isetyenziswa rhoqo, abantu abachaphazeleka lula bayabulawa kodwa abantu abaxhathisi abanzakali kwaye bavelisa imbewu. Ukuba uxinzelelo lokukhetha luyaqhubeka izizukulwana ezininzi, uhlobo lwe-biotype oluxhathisayo ekugqibeleni luya kwenza ipesenti ephezulu yabemi. Ngelo xesha, ulawulo lokhula olwamkelekileyo alunakufunyanwa nge-herbicide okanye i-herbicide ethile.
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwisicwangciso solawulo ukuze kuthintelwe ukuvela kokuxhathisa ukhula kukujikeleza kwemithi yokubulala iintsholongwane eneendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza. Musa ukusebenzisa imithi yokubulala iintsholongwane kudidi olunengozi ephezulu kwizityalo ezimbini ezilandelelanayo. Ngokufanayo, musa ukusebenzisa ngaphezu kwesibini kwezi mithi yokubulala iintsholongwane ezinomngcipheko ophezulu kwisityalo esinye. Musa ukusebenzisa imithi yokubulala iintsholongwane kudidi olunengozi ephakathi kwizityalo ezingaphezu kwezibini ezilandelelanayo. Imichiza yokubulala iintsholongwane kudidi olunengozi ephantsi kufuneka ikhethwe xa iza kulawula ubunzima. Imixube yeTanki okanye ukusetyenziswa ngokulandelelana kwemithi yokubulala iintsholongwane eneendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza kudla ngokubizwa ngokuba yinxalenye yesicwangciso solawulo lokuxhathisa. Ukuba izinto ezidityanisiweyo zeTanki okanye izicelo ezilandelelanayo zikhethwe ngobulumko, esi sicwangciso sinokuba luncedo kakhulu ekulibaziseni ukuvela kokuxhathisa. Ngelishwa, uninzi lweemfuno zomxube weTanki okanye izicelo ezilandelelanayo zokuthintela ukuxhathisa azihlangatyezwanga nemixube esetyenziswa rhoqo. Ukuze isebenze kakuhle ekuthinteleni ukuvela kokuxhathisa, zombini imithi yokubulala iintsholongwane esetyenziswa ngokulandelelana okanye kwimixube yeTanki kufuneka ibe nolawulo olufanayo kwaye kufuneka ihlale injalo.
Kangangoko kunokwenzeka, dibanisa iindlela zokulawula ezingezizo iikhemikhali ezifana nokulima ukhula kwinkqubo yolawulo. Gcina iirekhodi ezilungileyo zokusetyenziswa kwe-herbicide kwintsimi nganye ukuze uyisebenzise kwixesha elizayo.
Ukufumanisa ukhula olumelana nokhula. Uninzi lokusilela kokulawula ukhula akubangelwa kukuxhathisa ukhula. Ngaphambi kokuba ucinge ukuba ukhula olusindayo xa kusetyenziswa ukhula alumelani nokhula, susa zonke ezinye izizathu ezinokubangela ukungalawuleki kakuhle. Izizathu ezinokubangela ukungalawuleki kakuhle kokhula ziquka izinto ezifana nokusetyenziswa gwenxa (njengokunganeli kwesantya, ukugqunywa kakubi, ukufakwa kakubi, okanye ukungabikho kwe-adjuvant); iimeko zemozulu ezingalunganga zomsebenzi omhle wokhula; ixesha elingafanelekanga lokusetyenziswa kokhula (ingakumbi, ukusebenzisa ukhula emva kokuvela emva kokuba ukhula lukhulu kakhulu ukuba lungalawuleki kakuhle); kunye nokhula oluvela emva kokusetyenziswa kokhula olufutshane olusele.
Nje ukuba zonke ezinye izinto ezinokubangela ulawulo olubi zisuswe, oku kulandelayo kunokubonisa ukubakho kohlobo lwebhayoloji olumelana nokhula: (1) zonke iintlobo ezilawulwa yi-herbicide ngaphandle kwenye zilawulwa kakuhle; (2) izityalo eziphilileyo zeentlobo ezikuthethwa ngazo zixutywe phakathi kwezityalo zeentlobo ezifanayo ezibuleweyo; (3) iintlobo ezingalawulwayo zihlala zichaphazeleka kakhulu yi-herbicide ekuthethwe ngayo; kwaye (4) intsimi inembali yokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwe-herbicide ekuthethwe ngayo okanye i-herbicide enendlela efanayo yokusebenza. Ukuba kukho ukurhanelwa kokuxhathisa, yeka ngoko nangoko ukusebenzisa i-herbicide ekuthethwe ngayo kunye nezinye i-herbicide ezinendlela efanayo yokusebenza.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Meyi-07-2021