Umbona, njengowona uphezulu kwizityalo ezintathu eziphambili zokutya eTshayina, unendawo enkulu yokutyala kunye nemveliso ephezulu kakhulu kuzo zonke izityalo zokutya. Unesikhundla esibalulekileyo sokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokutya kwesizwe, uxhasa uphuhliso lweshishini lokutya kunye necandelo lokucubungula ngokunzulu. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, echaphazeleka zizinto ezininzi ezifana nokulungiswa kweepateni zokubonelela kunye nemfuno zasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, ukwehla kwamaxabiso rhoqo, kunye nokunyuka okuqhubekayo kweendleko zemveliso, ishishini lombona lijongene nengxaki yesakhiwo "sokuvelisa okuphezulu kodwa ukusebenza okuphantsi".
Kule meko, ngokusekelwe kwidatha ephambili yoshishino lombona lwaseTshayina, eli phepha lihlalutya ngokucwangcisiweyo izalathisi ezibalulekileyo ezifana nemveliso, amaxabiso emarike, urhwebo lokungenisa nokuthumela ngaphandle, ulwakhiwo lweendleko kunye nengeniso yokutyala. Lihlola ngokucwangcisiweyo imeko yokubonelela kunye nemfuno, iindlela zokuguquguquka kwamaxabiso kunye notshintsho kwingeniso yeendleko kwimarike yombona yasekhaya, kwaye ngakumbi lithelekisa umahluko kwiindleko zokutyala umbona kunye nengeniso phakathi kweTshayina neMelika.
Uhlalutyo lweMeko yeMveliso yoMbonakalo eTshayina
1.1. Le ndawo ifikelele kukukhula okuhle kangangeminyaka emithathu ilandelelana.
Ngokwezibalo ze-National Bureau of Statistics, ngo-2025, indawo yokutyala umbona eTshayina ifikelele kwi-6,744.12 yezigidi zeera (malunga ne-674 yezigidi zeera), ukonyuka kwe-330.15 yezigidi zeera xa kuthelekiswa no-2024, kunye nesantya sokunyuka esimalunga ne-0.49%. Ngokusisiseko ibuyele kwinqanaba lembali eliphakamileyo lika-2015. Nangona kunjalo, izinga lokukhula liye labonisa ukuthambekela kokuncipha kancinci kancinci, ukusuka kwi-4.99% ngo-2021 ukuya kwi-0.49% ngo-2025, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba indawo yokwandisa ngakumbi indawo yokutyala umbona eTshayina iye yaba ncinci.
1.2. Imveliso idlula iitoni ezingama-300 ezigidi
Ukususela ngo-2015 ukuya ku-2025, imveliso yombona yaseTshayina ibonise umkhwa opheleleyo "wokwehla kokuqala emva koko ukwanda". Xa kuthelekiswa nokubuyela kwakhona "okubunjwe ngo-U" kwindawo yokutyala, isantya sokuphinda sibuyele kwimeko yesiqhelo sasikhawuleza kwaye ukwanda kwakukhulu. Ukususela ngo-2015 ukuya ku-2018, yayilixesha lokwehla kancinci, apho imveliso yehla ukusuka kwi-264,992.2 yezigidi zeetoni ukuya kwi-257,173.9 yezigidi zeetoni, ukwehla okuqokelelweyo malunga ne-2.95%. Ukususela ngo-2019 ukuya ku-2025, yangena kwixesha lokukhula okuqhubekayo. Ngaphandle kohlengahlengiso oluncinci ngo-2020, ifikelele ekukhuleni okuhle iminyaka emihlanu ilandelelana, inyuka ukusuka kwi-26,077.89 yezigidi zeetoni ukuya kwi-30,123.5 yezigidi zeetoni, ukunyuka okuqokelelweyo malunga ne-15.51%. Ngo-2025, imveliso yombona yaseTshayina yadlula kwi-300 yezigidi zeetoni okokuqala, ibeka irekhodi elitsha lembali.
1.3. Uyilo lweSizwe lweShishini loMbona
Ngowama-2024, imveliso yombona yamaphondo ali-10 alandelayo – iHeilongjiang, iJilin, i-Inner Mongolia, iShandong, iHenan, iHebei, iLiaoning, iXinjiang, iSichuan, kunye neYunnan – yabekwa kwindawo yokuqala ukuya kwelishumi kuzwelonke ngokulandelelana. Umthamo wemveliso wephondo ngalinye udlule kwi-100 yezigidi zeetoni – iyonke ifikelela kwi-24089.16 yezigidi zeetoni (malunga ne-2.41 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni), nto leyo ethetha i-81.68% yemveliso yombona yesizwe. Phakathi kwazo, iHeilongjiang ihlale kwindawo ephezulu ngokwemveliso, ifikelela kwi-4584.94 yezigidi zeetoni, ifikelela kwi-15.55% yemveliso iyonke yesizwe.
2.1. Iimfuno zabathengi kunye neendlela zokutshintsha amaxabiso
Ngokwembono yesakhiwo sokutya, kunyaka-mali ka-2024/2025, ukusetyenziswa kombona eTshayina bekumalunga ne-297.86 yezigidi zeetoni. Phakathi koku, ukusetyenziswa kokutya kube yeyona ndawo iphambili, efikelela kwi-193.50 yezigidi zeetoni, efikelela kwi-64.96% yenani lilonke lokutya. Ekusetyenzisweni kokutya, ukufuywa kweehagu kube malunga ne-50%, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kokutya kweenkukhu kube malunga ne-40%. Ukusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso kulandelwe ngokusondeleyo, ngomthamo wokusetyenziswa omalunga ne-83.40 yezigidi zeetoni, efikelela kwi-28%. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngokwandiswa okuqhubekayo kwamandla okucubungula, ukusetyenziswa kombona kwimizi-mveliso kuye kwaqina ngakumbi. Amandla okuvelisa asasazwa kakhulu kwiindawo ezivelisa umbona eMantla-mpuma naseMantla eTshayina, kunye nenani lilonke elidibeneyo elifikelela kwi-80% yenani lilonke. Ukusetyenziswa kwembewu kuncinci, efikelela kwi-0.43%. Lilonke, ukusetyenziswa kokutya kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso kube ngaphezulu kwe-92%, eyona nto iphambili ekusetyenzisweni kombona eTshayina.
Ukususela ekuqaleni kuka-2023 ukuya ekuqaleni kuka-2026, amaxabiso ombona wasekhaya ngokubanzi abonise ukuhla okuguquguqukayo, ehla ukusuka kwi-3.04 yuan ngekhilogram ngoJanuwari 2023 ukuya kwi-2.5 yuan ngekhilogram ngoMatshi 2026, kunye nokuhla okudibeneyo malunga ne-17.76%. Ngeli xesha linye, amaxabiso ombona wamazwe ngamazwe nawo abonise ukuhla, ehla ukusuka kwi-2.82 yuan ngekhilogram ukuya kwi-2.24 yuan ngekhilogram, kunye nokuhla okubanzi malunga ne-20.57%. Ukuguquguquka kwamaxabiso ngamazwe ngamazwe bekuxhaphake kakhulu, kwaye zombini zibonise ukwehla okujikelezayo kwindlela eqhuba ngayo izinto, kodwa inqanaba lamaxabiso asekhaya ngokubanzi laliphezulu kunexabiso lamazwe ngamazwe ngamaxesha amaninzi.
2.2. Uhlalutyo lweePatheni zoRhwebo lokuNgenisa nokuThumela kwamanye amazwe
Ngokwedatha evela kwizithethe zaseTshayina, ngo-2025, umthamo wokungeniswa kweemveliso ezinxulumene nombona eTshayina wawuziitoni ezingama-266.35 ezigidi, nto leyo eyayingaphezulu ngeetoni ezingama-213 ezigidi kunomthamo wokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe (iitoni ezingama-53.38 ezigidi); isixa sokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe sasiziidola zaseMelika ezingama-715 ezigidi, simalunga ne-0.34% yesixa siphela semveliso yezolimo yesizwe engeniswe kwamanye amazwe ngo-2025 (iidola zaseMelika ezingama-207.41 ezigidi); isixa sokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe sasiziidola zaseMelika ezingama-404 ezigidi, simalunga ne-0.39% yesixa siphela semveliso yezolimo yesizwe ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngo-2025 (iidola zaseMelika ezili-104.16 ezigidi); intsilelo yorhwebo ifikelele kwi-3.11 ezigidi zeedola zaseMelika.
Ngokwembono yeempahla zorhwebo, ngo-2025, iimveliso eziphambili zombona ezingeniswe eTshayina yayiyi "mbona, ngaphandle kweenjongo zokutyala", "umbona omnandi oqandisiweyo", "isitatshi sombona", "umbona omnandi ongacutshungulwanga okanye ongagcinwanga ngendlela yeviniga", "umgubo wombona", "umbona weenjongo zokutyala", njl., zizonke ziindidi ezili-10. Impahla enomthamo omkhulu wokungenisa yayingu "mbona, ngaphandle kweenjongo zokutyala" - enomthamo wokungenisa we-2,646,290.81 yeetoni (malunga ne-264.63 yezigidi zeekhilogram) kunye nexabiso lokungenisa le-692,642,700 zeedola zaseMelika (malunga ne-693 yezigidi zeedola zaseMelika), ezibalelwa kwi-99.35% kunye ne-96.82% yomthamo uwonke wokungenisa kunye nexabiso lokungenisa leempahla ezinxulumene nombona eTshayina kulo lonke u-2025, ngokwahlukeneyo.
Iimveliso eziphambili ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe “zisitatshi sombona”, “umbona omnandi ocutshungulwayo okanye ogcinwe ngeendlela ezingezizo i-acetic”, “umbona omnandi oqandisiweyo”, “ezinye iioyile zombona kunye neziphumo zazo”, “umbona weforage”, njl.njl., zizonke ziindidi ezili-10. Phakathi kwazo, imveliso enomthamo omkhulu wokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe “yisitatshi sombona” – umthamo wokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngo-2025 yi-213,444.1 yeetoni (malunga ne-21.34 yezigidi zeetoni), kwaye ixabiso lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe yi-81.9832 yezigidi zeedola zaseMelika (malunga ne-0.82 yezigidi zeedola zaseMelika), ezibalelwa kwi-39.99% kunye ne-20.29% yomthamo wonke wokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kunye nexabiso lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kweemveliso ezinxulumene nombona eTshayina ngo-2025 ngokwahlukeneyo. Imveliso enexabiso elikhulu lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe "yi-sweet corn ecutshungulwayo okanye egcinwe ngeendlela ezingezizo ze-acetic" - umthamo wokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngo-2025 yi-172,079.29 yeetoni (malunga ne-17.21 yezigidi zeetoni), kwaye ixabiso lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe yi-181.123 yezigidi zeedola zaseMelika (malunga ne-1.81 yezigidi zeedola zaseMelika), ebalelwa kwi-32.24% kunye ne-44.82% yomthamo uwonke wokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kunye nexabiso lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kweemveliso ezinxulumene nombona eTshayina ngo-2025 ngokwahlukeneyo.
3. Uhlalutyo lweendleko kunye neenzuzo zokutyala
3.1. Ixabiso lilonke nge-acre nganye
Ngokwe-“National Agricultural Product Cost and Revenue Data Compilation”, ngo-2024, ixabiso lilonke nge-mu yombona eTshayina yayiyi-1,316.7 yuan. Xa kuthelekiswa nowama-2023, owawuyi-1,312.04 yuan, lonyuke nge-4.66 yuan, nto leyo ebonisa ukunyuka okumalunga ne-0.36%. Ngokwembono yexesha elide, ixabiso lilonke nge-mu yombona eTshayina ukususela ngo-2014 ukuya ku-2024 libonise ukunyuka okuguqukayo. Kwiminyaka eli-10, lonyuke ukusuka kwi-1,063.89 yuan ukuya kwi-1,316.7 yuan, kunye nokunyuka okuhlangeneyo kwe-23.76%.
3.2. Ixabiso elipheleleyo lemveliso nganye kwinyanga nganye
Ngokwedatha evela kwi-"National Agricultural Cost and Revenue Data Compilation", ukususela ngo-2014 ukuya ku-2024, ixabiso lemveliso yombona ngehektare nganye eTshayina libonise umkhwa oguquguqukayo othi "kuqala wehle, uze unyuke, uze wehle kwakhona ngokukhawuleza". Ukususela ngo-2014 ukuya ku-2016, ixabiso lemveliso ngehektare nganye lehle ngokuqhubekayo ukusuka kwi-1,145.71 yuan ukuya kwi-765.89 yuan, kunye nokwehla okuqokelelweyo kwe-33.15%. Emva koko yangena kwixesha lokukhula elihlala iminyaka esixhenxe, yaza yaqhubeka nokunyuka ukusuka ngo-2017 ukuya ku-2023, yafikelela kwincopho yembali ye-1,466.43 yuan ngo-2023, kunye nokwanda okubalulekileyo konyaka nonyaka ngo-2020, kwi-27.87%. Nangona kunjalo, ngo-2024, ixabiso lemveliso ngehektare nganye lehla laya kwi-1,093.94 yuan, kunye nokwehla okukhulu kwe-25.40% unyaka nonyaka, ngokusisiseko kubuyela kwinqanaba lika-2015 ukuya ku-2019.
3.3. Inzuzo nge-acre nganye
Inzuzo epheleleyo evela kwimveliso yombona ibhekisa kwingeniso yokugqibela efunyenwe kwimisebenzi yokutyala umbona emva kokuncitshiswa kwazo zonke iindleko zemveliso ezifana nembewu, izichumisi, abasebenzi kunye noomatshini. Luphawu oluphambili lokulinganisa iingenelo zoqoqosho zemveliso yombona. Ngokwedatha evela kwi-"National Agricultural Product Cost and Revenue Compilation", esekelwe kwinzuzo ye-acre nganye yombona eTshayina ukususela ngo-2014 ukuya ku-2024, ingeniso yokutyala ibonisa iimpawu "zokutshintshana kwenzuzo kunye nelahleko, kunye nokunyuka kokuguquguquka kwiminyaka yakutshanje": ngo-2014, bekukho inzuzo encinci ye-81.82 yuan, ukususela ngo-2015 ukuya ku-2019, bekukho ilahleko yeminyaka emihlanu elandelelanayo (ilahleko enkulu ngo-2016 yayiyi-299.7 yuan), ukususela ngo-2020 ukuya ku-2023, bekukho inzuzo yeminyaka emine elandelelanayo, kwaye ngo-2022, ifikelele kwincopho ye-163.25 yuan, kodwa ngo-2024, yehla kakhulu yaya kwi--222.76 yuan, ibuyela kuluhlu lokulahlekelwa okukhulu. Xa kujongwa idatha yexabiso lemveliso, nangona ixabiso lemveliso lehle ngama-25.4% ngo-2024, inzuzo epheleleyo yehla ukusuka kwinzuzo ye-154.39 yuan ukuya ekulahlekelweni yi-222.76 yuan, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba uxinzelelo lweendleko lunyuke kakhulu okanye ukuhla kwexabiso kudlule kakhulu kulindelo.
Ixesha leposi: Meyi-19-2026
