Ii-Acaricides ludidi lwezibulali-zinambuzane ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwezolimo, kumashishini nakwamanye amashishini. Zisetyenziswa kakhulu ukulawula izinambuzane zezolimo, okanye iimpukane kwimfuyo okanye kwizilwanyana zasekhaya. Unyaka ngamnye ihlabathi lifumana ilahleko enkulu ngenxa yezinambuzane zezinambuzane. Ngokutsho kwe-Food and Agriculture Organisation yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, ama-80 ekhulwini eenkomo zehlabathi ahlaselwa ziimpukane, nto leyo ebiza ihlabathi i-$7.3 yeebhiliyoni ngonyaka kwilahleko yezoqoqosho. EMzantsi Melika, izityalo zesoya ezonakaliswe yi-spider mite iMononychellus planki McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae) zilahlekelwe malunga ne-18.28% kwisivuno sengqolowa. E-China, phantse iihektare ezingama-40 ezigidi ze-citrus nazo zihlaselwa yiPanonychus citri (McGregor). Ke ngoko, imfuno yemarike yehlabathi ye-acaricides iyanda unyaka nonyaka. Iimveliso ezisibhozo eziphambili kwimarike ye-acaricide ngo-2018 zezi: spirodiclofen, spiromethicone, diafenthiuron, bifenazate, pyridaben, kunye ne-propargite, hexythiazox, kunye ne-fenpyroximate, intengiso yazo iyonke yi-US$572 yezigidi, ebalelwa kwi-69.1% yemarike ye-acaricide, kwaye ubungakanani bemarike kulindeleke ukuba bufikelele kwi-US$2 yeebhiliyoni ngo-2025. Ubungakanani bemarike ye-acaricide bunokuba bukhulu njengoko umhlaba olimekayo wehlabathi uncipha, inani labantu liyanda, imfuno yemveliso yendalo iyanda, kwaye imfuno yeendlela zolimo ezizinzileyo iyanda.
Uhlalutyo lwemarike yehlabathi ye-acaricides lubonisa ukuba i-red spider mite, i-Panclaw citrus kunye ne-Panonychus urmi zezona ntlobo zibalulekileyo kwezoqoqosho zezinambuzane eziyingozi, zibiza ngaphezulu kwe-80% yemarike. Ezinye izinambuzane ezinxulumene noko yi-pseudo spider mites (ikakhulu i-short spider mites), i-rust mites kunye ne-gall and horsefly mites. Imifuno kunye neziqhamo, kuquka i-citrus, iidiliya, iisoya, umqhaphu, kunye nombona, zezona zityalo ziphambili ezisetyenziswa kuzo i-acaricides.
Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yomjikelo omfutshane wobomi, i-parthenogenesis, izixhobo ezizodwa ze-metabolic kunye nokuguquguquka okunamandla kwindalo esingqongileyo kweentwala ezitya utyani ezifana neentsila zesigcawu kunye neentsila zepanclaw, ukumelana kwazo neentwala kuye kwanda ngokukhawuleza. Iintsila zenza i-arthropods ezi-3 kwezi-12 ezichasene ne-arthropods ezixeliweyo. Ekusetyenzisweni kwe-acaricides kwihlabathi liphela, ii-acaricides zekhemikhali eziqhelekileyo ezifana ne-organophosphates, i-carbamates, i-organochlorines, kunye ne-pyrethroids zisasebenza kakhulu. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, nangona ii-acaricides ezisebenzayo kakhulu ezifana ne-bifenazate kunye ne-acetafenac ziye zavela, ingxaki yokudibanisa ii-acaricides isengxakini. Ngokusetyenziswa kwexesha elide kwezi ntsila, uninzi lweentsila ezitya utyani ziye zaphuhlisa amanqanaba ahlukeneyo okuxhathisa iintsila ezitya utyani kwimarike, kwaye iziphumo zazo ziye zehla kakhulu. Kwelinye icala, ngokugxila ngakumbi kwimiba yokusingqongileyo kunye nokwanda kancinci kwicandelo lezolimo eziphilayo, imfuno yeemveliso zendalo zokukhusela izityalo kwimarike yehlabathi inyuke kakhulu. Ngoko ke, uphuhliso lwezixhobo ezikhuselekileyo, ezisebenzayo, ezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo, ezingenabungozi kangako kwiintshaba zendalo kunye ne-acaricides ezikhuselekileyo nezintsha zebhayoloji ezingelula ukuzikhulisa zisondele.
Ngokusekelwe koku, kuyimfuneko engxamisekileyo yokuba uphuhliso lwemizi-mveliso kunye nemizi-mveliso lusebenzise ngokupheleleyo izibonelelo zezixhobo zebhayoloji zaseTshayina ukukhuthaza uphando kunye nophuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-acaricides zebhayoloji.
1. Imvelaphi yophando lwee-alkaloids ze-veratrotrol
I-Hellebore, ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-mountain onion, i-black hellebore, sisixhobo sonyango esihlala sikhona. Njengesityalo esibulala izinambuzane eTshayina, abantu badla ngokumba iirhizomes zaso ngexesha lezityalo baze baziqhotse zibe ngumhluzi othambileyo ukuze zihlanjwe ngokubandayo iigusha, iibhokhwe, iinkomo kunye nezinye izilwanyana, kunye nokujongana neempethu zeempukane zasekhaya kunye nezinye izilwanyana eziphila nezinambuzane. Emva koko abaphandi bafumanise ukuba i-hellebore ikwanomphumo omhle wokulawula ezinye izinambuzane. Umzekelo, i-ethyl acetate extract ye-Veratrum rhizome inomsebenzi omhle wokubulala izinambuzane kwi-larvae yesibini neyesithathu ye-instar ye-Plutella xylostella, ngelixa i-Veratrol alkaloid extract inempembelelo ethile ebulalayo kwi-larvae yabantu abadala neyesine ye-instar ye-German cockroach. Kwangaxeshanye, abaphandi bafumanise nokuba i-extracts ezahlukeneyo ze-Veratrum rhizome zinomsebenzi omhle wokubulala i-acaricidal, phakathi kwazo i-ethanol extract>chloroform extract>n-butanol extract.
Nangona kunjalo, indlela yokukhupha izithako ezisebenzayo yingxaki enzima. Abaphandi baseTshayina badla ngokusebenzisa i-ammonia-alkalized chloroform ultrasonic extraction, i-water extraction, i-ethanol percolation extraction, kunye ne-supercritical CO2 extraction ukuze bafumane izinto ezisebenzayo kwi-veratrum rhizomes. Phakathi kwazo, indlela ye-ammonia alkalized chloroform ultrasonic extraction isebenzisa isixa esikhulu se-chloroform ye-solvent enetyhefu nangona izinga lokukhupha liphezulu; indlela yokukhupha amanzi inexesha elininzi lokukhupha, ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi amaninzi, kunye nezinga lokukhupha eliphantsi; izinga liphantsi. Indlela ye-supercritical CO2 extraction yokukhupha i-veratroline alkaloids ayinayo nje kuphela izinga eliphezulu lokukhupha, izithako ezisebenzayo azitshatyalaliswa, kodwa nomsebenzi wezonyango kunye nobunyulu bezithako ezisebenzayo zeemveliso ezifunyenweyo ziphuculwe kakhulu. Ukongeza, intsalela ye-CO2 engenabungozi kwaye engenazo izinyibilikisi ayinabungozi emzimbeni womntu nakwindalo esingqongileyo, enokunciphisa ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo olubangelwa ziindlela zemveli zokukhupha, kwaye idweliswe njengenye yezona teknoloji zibalaseleyo zokukhupha kunye nokwahlula iziphumo zonyango lwezityalo. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yemveliso enobungozi kunye neendleko eziphezulu zithintela ukusetyenziswa kwayo okukhulu kwimizi-mveliso.
2. Inkqubela phambili yophando nophuhliso lwee-alkaloids ze-veratrotrol
Funda ngetekhnoloji yokukhupha iVeratrum. Itekhnoloji yokukhupha kunye isekelwe kakhulu kwi-veratrorum yemveli yezonyango zaseTshayina, eyongezwa zizinto zokwelapha zendalo. , I-Veratroin kunye nezinye izithako ezininzi ezisebenzayo zilungiswa kunye, kwaye ngaxeshanye, izinyibilikisi ezahlukeneyo zisetyenziselwa ukukhupha rhoqo izinto zokwelapha zezityalo, ukuze kwandiswe ukucocwa kunye nokuna kwezixhobo ezisebenzayo ezisebenzayo kwizixhobo zokwelapha zezityalo ngamanqanaba. Ukufumana izinto zeqela zeekhompawundi ezinemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo okanye imisebenzi efanayo kwibhetshi enye yezinto eziluhlaza. Ukuphucula kakhulu izinga lokusetyenziswa kwezinto eziluhlaza zezityalo, ukunciphisa iindleko zemveliso, kunye nokunyusa kakhulu ukhuphiswano lwemarike.
Funda ngendlela esebenza ngayo izinto ezisebenzayo zeVeratrum. I-Veratrum rhizome extract luhlobo lomxube, oqulethe izithako ezisebenzayo ezingaphezu kweshumi ezifana ne-veratrol, i-resveratrol, i-veratrotoin, i-cyclopamine, i-veratrol, kunye ne-resveratrol oxide. Inkqubo yemithambo-luvo yezinambuzane.
Ngokweengxelo zophando, ubuthi bayo busekelwe ekuvulekeni kweetshaneli zeNa+ ezixhomekeke kumbane, nto leyo evula iitshaneli zeCa2+ ezisebenza kumbane, nto leyo ekhokelela ekukhululweni kwee-neurotransmitter. Iitshaneli ze-sodium ion ezivalwe ngombane ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yesignali ye-neuronal kunye nemisipha. Izinto ezisebenzayo kwi-Veratrum extract zinokubangela ukuphazamiseka kwamandla kwiitshaneli ze-sodium ion, nto leyo ebangela utshintsho ekungeneni kwe-membrane, okubangela ukungcangcazela kunye nokufa ekugqibeleni.
Kwangaxeshanye, ezinye izazi zaseFransi zixele ukuba ii-veratroline alkaloids zinokuthintela i-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) yezinambuzane ngaphandle kokhuphiswano. Ngenxa yendlela entsha yokusebenza kwee-veratrotrol alkaloids, uhlaselo lweendawo ezininzi lunokwenzeka, kwaye kunzima ukuba izinambuzane zikwazi ukuziqhelanisa namayeza eendawo ezininzi ngokusebenzisa utshintsho lwazo kwisakhiwo, ngoko ke akulula ukuvelisa ukumelana namayeza.
Iteknoloji yokulungiselela i-0.1% CE hellebore rhizome extract. Ixhaswa yiteknoloji yokukhupha ephucukileyo kwaye yongezwa yiteknoloji yokulungiselela egqwesileyo, uxinzelelo lomphezulu weyeza luncinci, olunokusonga umzimba wezinambuzane ngokukhawuleza, lukhuthaze ukungena nokufunxwa kwesisombululo seyeza, kwaye luphucule impembelelo yezithako ezisebenzayo. Inokusasazeka kakuhle emanzini, kwaye isisombululo sicacile kwaye siyafana emva kokusasazeka. Ukuxutywa okuphindwe ka-1000, ixesha lokumanzisa ngokupheleleyo iphepha le-canvas yimizuzwana engama-44, kwaye inokumanzisa kwaye ingene ngokukhawuleza. Idatha yozinzo lokukhanya okuninzi ibonise ukuba ukulungiswa kwe-0.1% CE veratrum rhizome extract bekuzinzile kwaye kuhlangabezana ngokupheleleyo neendawo ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa kwentsimi.
Inkqubela phambili yophando malunga nobuchwepheshe bokusetyenziswa kwe-0.1% CE veratrum rhizome extract
Itekhnoloji entsha iphucule kakhulu iipropati ezisebenzayo ngokukhawuleza zeyeza. Xa kuthelekiswa netekhnoloji yangaphambili, imveliso inciphise ukusetyenziswa kwesithako esinye. Ngenkqubo eyahlukileyo, izithako ezikwimveliso zininzi ngakumbi, kwaye isiphumo sokusebenzisana sicacile ngakumbi.
Kwangaxeshanye, xa isetyenziswa kunye nezibulali-zinambuzane ezikhoyo zeekhemikhali, okokuqala, inokunciphisa kakhulu inani lezinambuzane ezibomvu, inciphise inani lezibulali-zinambuzane zeekhemikhali kwaye iphucule isiphumo solawulo. Ukushwankathela, kwixesha eliphezulu lokwanda kwezinambuzane ze-citrus Panonychus eHezhou, eGuangxi, eTshayina, ukutshiza i-0.1% CE Veratrum rhizome extract + 30% etoxazole kwasebenza kwimizuzu engama-20, akukho zinambuzane ziphilayo zibonwe kwiintsuku ezi-3 emva kokusetyenziswa, kwaye isiphumo solawulo sasikwiintsuku ezili-11 emva kokusetyenziswa. Ingagcinwa ingaphezulu kwama-95%. Kwinqanaba lokuqala lezinambuzane ze-navel orange citrus panclaw zeJiangxi Ruijin, i-0.1% CE Veratrum rhizome extract + 30% tetramizine bifenazate zonke zafa ngosuku olu-1 emva kokusetyenziswa, kwaye akukho zinambuzane ziphilayo zibonwe kwiintsuku ezi-3 emva kokusetyenziswa. , isiphumo solawulo sisondele kwi-99% emva kweentsuku ezili-16.
Iziphumo ze-bioassay yasendle ezingentla zibonisa ukuba xa inani elisezantsi lee-red spider mites liphantsi okanye liphezulu, ukusetyenziswa kwe-agent enye kunye nokusetyenziswa okuhlanganisiweyo kunye nee-chemical agents, i-rhizome extract yeVeratella vulgaris inokunciphisa inani elisezantsi lee-red spider worms kwaye iphucule impembelelo yolawulo lwe-chemical pesticides. Ibonakalise impembelelo entle yokulawula. Kwangaxeshanye, i-rhizome extract ye-hellebore isuka kwizityalo. Kwi-concentration ecetyiswayo, ikhuselekile ukuyisebenzisa kwisigaba sokuhluma, sokuqhakaza, kunye nesiqhamo esitsha sezityalo ezininzi, kwaye ayinampembelelo ekwandeni kwamahlumela, iintyatyambo kunye neziqhamo. Ikhuselekile kwaye inobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo kwizinto eziphilayo ezingajoliswanga njengeentshaba zendalo ze-mites, kwaye ayinakuxhathisa i-cross-residential nge-insecticides kunye ne-acaricides ezikhoyo. Ifanelekile kakhulu kulawulo oludibeneyo lwe-mites (IPM). Kwaye ngokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-chemical pesticides, iintsalela ze-chemical pesticides ezifana ne-etoxazole, i-spirodiclofen, kunye ne-bifenazate kwi-citrus zinokuhlangabezana ngokupheleleyo "noMgangatho woKhuseleko loKutya weSizwe saseTshayina kwiMida ye-Maximum Residue ye-Pesticides kwi-Foods", "i-European Union Foods". I-Pesticide Residue Limit Standard kunye ne-US Pesticide Residue Limit Standard in Foods zibonelela ngesiqinisekiso esiqinileyo sokhuseleko lokutya kunye nomgangatho kunye nokhuseleko lweemveliso zezolimo.
Itekhnoloji yokuhlela i-gene ikhuthaza uphuhliso lwemizi-mveliso ye-hellebore
I-Hellebore sisixhobo esiqhelekileyo sonyango kwaye sisisityalo esihlala sihleli sosapho lweLiliaceae. Ikhula ezintabeni, emahlathini okanye ezihlahleni. Isasazwa eShanxi, eHebei, eHenan, eShandong, eLiaoning, eSichuan, eJiangsu nakwezinye iindawo eTshayina. Ityebile kwimithombo yasendle. Ngokophando, imveliso yonyaka ye-hellebore yamayeza iphantse ibe ziitoni ezingama-300-500, kwaye iintlobo ziquka iintlobo ezininzi, ezifana ne-hellebore, i-Xing'an hellebore, i-maosu hellebore, kunye ne-Guling hellebore, kwaye izinto ezisebenzayo zohlobo ngalunye azifani.
Ngophuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwe-biotechnology kunye nophando olunzulu ngezinto zonyango lwe-hellebore, ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji yokuhlela izakhi zofuzo ukuphucula iintlobo zonyango ze-hellebore kunye nokugcinwa kweentlobo ze-hellebore zasendle kuye kwaqhubeka ngamanqanaba. Ukulinywa kweentlobo ze-hellebore ezenziweyo kuya kunciphisa kakhulu umonakalo wokumbiwa kwe-hellebore kwizixhobo ze-germplasm zasendle, kwaye kukhuthaze ngakumbi ukwenziwa kwe-hellebore kwicandelo lezolimo nakwicandelo lezonyango.
Kwixesha elizayo, izicatshulwa zendalo ze-hellebore rhizome ezithathwe kwizityalo zonyango kulindeleke ukuba zinciphise kancinci kancinci ukusetyenziswa kwe-acaricides yemveli yeekhemikhali, kwaye zenze uphuculo oluthe kratya ekuphuculeni umgangatho weemveliso zezolimo, ukuphucula umgangatho kunye nokhuseleko lweemveliso zezolimo, ukuphucula imeko-bume yezolimo kunye nokugcina iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Agasti-08-2022