I-Acaricides ludidi lwezitshabalalisi ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwezolimo, kushishino nakwamanye amashishini.Isetyenziswa kakhulu ekulawuleni amangolwane ezolimo, okanye amakhalane kwimfuyo okanye kwizilwanyana zasekhaya.Rhoqo ngonyaka ihlabathi lifumana ilahleko enkulu ngenxa yezinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo.Ngokutsho koMbutho Wokutya Nezolimo weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, ama-80 ekhulwini emihlambi yeenkomo esehlabathini lonke athwaxwa ngamakhalane, nto leyo edla ihlabathi malunga nee-R7,3 zamawaka ezigidi ngonyaka kwilahleko yezoqoqosho.EMzantsi Melika, izityalo zeembotyi zesoya ezonakaliswe sisigcawu iMononychellus planki McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae) zilahlekelwe malunga ne-18.28% kwisivuno sesiriyeli.E-China, phantse i-40 yezigidi zeehektare ze-citrus zikwahlaselwa yi-Pannychus citri (McGregor).Ke ngoko, imfuno yemarike yehlabathi yee-acaricides iyanda unyaka nonyaka.Iimveliso ezisibhozo eziphezulu kwiimarike ze-acaricide kwi-2018 zezi: i-spirodiclofen, i-spiromethicone, i-diafenthiuron, i-bifenazate, i-pyridaben, kunye ne-propargite, i-hexythiazox, kunye ne-fenpyroximate, iintengiso zabo zizonke ziyi-US $ 572 yezigidi, i-accounting ye-69.1 ye-marketification ye-market Ubungakanani bulindeleke ukuba bufike kwi-US$2 yeebhiliyoni ngo-2025. Ubungakanani bemarike yee-akharicides kusenokwenzeka ukuba bube bukhulu njengoko umhlaba olimekayo wehlabathi jikelele uncipha, ukwanda kwabemi, imfuno yemveliso yendalo isanda, kunye nemfuno yeendlela ezizinzileyo zolimo zisanda.
Uhlalutyo lwemarike ye-akharicide yehlabathi lubonisa ukuba i-red spider mite, i-Panclaw citrus kunye ne-Panonychus urmi zezona ntlobo zibaluleke kakhulu kwezoqoqosho zezinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo, ezithatha ngaphezu kwe-80% yemarike.Ezinye iintwala eziyeleleneyo zi pseudo spider mites (ingakumbi ii spider mites ezimfutshane), rust mites kunye ne gall and horsefly mites.Imifuno neziqhamo, kuquka isitrasi, iidiliya, iimbotyi zesoya, umqhaphu, nombona, zezona zityalo zigalelwa iacaricides.
Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yomjikelo omfutshane wobomi, i-parthenogenesis, izixhobo ezizodwa zemetabolism kunye nokuguquguquka okunamandla kokusingqongileyo kwamangolwane atya utyani anje ngama spider mites kunye ne panclaw mites, ukuxhathisa kwabo kwi-acaricides kukhule ngokukhawuleza.Amangolwane anika ingxelo ye-arthropods ezi-3 kwezili-12 ezixhathisayo.Ekusetyenzisweni kwehlabathi jikelele kwee-acaricides, ii-acaricides eziqhelekileyo zemichiza ezifana ne-organophosphates, i-carbamates, i-organochlorines, kunye ne-pyrethroids zisabambe isikhundla esiphezulu.Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, nangona ii-acaricides eziphezulu ezifana ne-bifenazate kunye ne-acetafenac ziye zaphuma, ingxaki ye-homogenization ye-acaricides isenzima.Ngokusetyenziswa kwexesha elide kunye nokungekho ngokwenzululwazi kwezi acaricides, uninzi lwezinambuzane ezitya uhlaza ziye zakhula amanqanaba awohlukeneyo okumelana nemichiza yeeakharisayidi emarikeni, kwaye iziphumo zazo zehle kakhulu.Kwelinye icala, ngokunyuka kwengqwalasela kwimiba yokusingqongileyo kunye nokunyuka kancinci kwindawo yezolimo eziphilayo, imfuno yeemveliso zendalo ukukhusela izityalo kwimarike yehlabathi inyuke kakhulu.Ke ngoko, uphuhliso olukhuselekileyo, olusebenzayo, olunobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo, olungenabungozi kangako kwiintshaba zendalo kunye ne-Acaricides ekhuselekileyo nentsha yebhayoloji ekungekho lula ukuyiphuhlisa ukuxhathisa isondele.
Ngokusekwe koku, yimfuno engxamisekileyo yophuhliso lweshishini kunye nophuhliso lwemizi-mveliso ukusebenzisa ngokupheleleyo izibonelelo zebhayoloji zaseTshayina ukukhuthaza uphando kunye nophuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-acaricides yebhayoloji.
1. Imvelaphi yophando ye-veratrotrol alkaloids
I-Hellebore, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-onion yentaba, i-hellebore emnyama, yinto yonyango engapheliyo.Njengesityalo somthonyama esibulala izinambuzane eTshayina, abantu bakholisa ukugrumba iirhizomes zayo ngexesha lezityalo kwaye bayiqhotse ibe yidecoction epholileyo yokuhlamba iigusha, iibhokhwe, iinkomo kunye neminye imfuyo, kunye nokujongana neempethu zendlu kunye nezinye izifunxi.Emva koko abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba i-hellebore inefuthe elihle lokulawula ezinye izinambuzane.Ngokomzekelo, isicatshulwa se-ethyl ye-acetate ye-Veratrum rhizome inomsebenzi omhle we-insecticidal kwi-larvae yesibini neyesithathu ye-Plutella xylostella, ngelixa isicatshulwa se-alkaloid ye-Veratrol sinempembelelo ethile ebulalayo kumntu omdala kunye ne-4 instar larvae ye-cockroach yaseJamani.Ngelo xesha, abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba izicatshulwa ezahlukeneyo zeVeratrum rhizome zinomsebenzi omhle we-acaricidal, phakathi kwayo isicatshulwa se-ethanol> isicatshulwa se-chloroform> i-n-butanol extract.
Nangona kunjalo, indlela yokukhupha izithako ezisebenzayo yingxaki enzima.Abaphandi baseTshayina bahlala besebenzisa i-ammonia-alkalized chloroform ultrasonic extraction, i-extraction yamanzi, i-ethanol percolation extraction, kunye ne-supercritical CO2 extraction ukufumana izinto ezisebenzayo kwi-veratrum rhizomes.Phakathi kwabo, i-ammonia alkalized chloroform ultrasonic extraction method isebenzisa isixa esikhulu se-solvent chloroform enetyhefu nangona izinga lokukhutshwa liphezulu;indlela yokutsalwa kwamanzi inamaxesha amaninzi okutsalwa, ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi okukhulu, kunye nesantya esisezantsi sokutsalwa;izinga liphantsi.Indlela yokukhupha i-CO2 ye-supercritical yokukhupha i-alkaloids ye-veratroline ayinayo kuphela isantya esiphezulu sokukhupha, izithako ezisebenzayo azichithwanga, kodwa kunye nomsebenzi weyeza kunye nokucoceka kwezinto ezisebenzayo zeemveliso ezifunyenweyo ziphuculwe kakhulu.Ukongeza, i-CO2 i-non-toxic kunye ne-solvent-free residu ayinabungozi kumzimba womntu kunye nokusingqongileyo, enokuthi icuthe ukungcoliseka kwendalo okubangelwa iindlela zemveli zokutsalwa, kwaye idweliswe njengenye yezona teknoloji zokutsalwa kunye nokwahlula. isityalo iziphumo zonyango.Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yokuvelisa umngcipheko kunye neendleko eziphezulu zithintela usetyenziso lwayo olukhulu lwemizi-mveliso.
2. Uphando kunye nophuhliso lwenkqubela ye-veratrotrol alkaloids
Isifundo kwitekhnoloji yokutsalwa kweVeratrum.Itekhnoloji ye-co-extraction isekelwe ikakhulu kwi-veratrorum yemveli yamayeza aseTshayina, eyongezwa ngezinto zendalo zonyango., I-Veratrotoin kunye nezinye izithako ezininzi ezisebenzayo zilungiselelwe kunye, kwaye ngexesha elifanayo, i-solvents ezahlukeneyo zisetyenziselwa ukukhupha ngokuqhubekayo izinto zonyango ze-botanical, ukwenzela ukwandisa ukucocwa kunye nemvula yezinto ezisebenzayo ezisebenzayo kwizinto zonyango ze-botanical ngezigaba.Ukufumana amacandelo eqela leekhompawundi ezinomsebenzi owahlukileyo okanye ukusebenza okufanayo kwibhetshi enye yemathiriyeli ekrwada.Ukuphucula ngokuphawulekayo izinga lokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezikrwada zebhotani, ukunciphisa iindleko zemveliso, kunye nokwandisa kakhulu ukhuphiswano lwemarike.
Uphononongo kwindlela yokusebenza kwezinto ezisebenzayo zeVeratrum.I-Veratrol rhizome extract luhlobo lomxube, oluqulethe ngaphezu kweshumi lezithako ezisebenzayo ezifana ne-veratrol, i-resveratrol, i-veratrotoin, i-cyclopamine, i-veratrol, kunye ne-resveratrol oxide.Inkqubo ye-nervous yezinambuzane.
Ngokweengxelo zophando, ubuthi bayo busekwe ekuvulweni kweziteshi ze-Na+ ezixhomekeke kumbane, ezithi zivule i-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels, ekhokelela ekukhululweni kwe-neurotransmitter.Iziteshi ze-ion ze-sodium ze-voltage-gated ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-neuronal kunye ne-muscle signaling.Amacandelo asebenzayo kwi-Veratrum extract angabangela ukuphazamiseka kwangoku kwi-sodium ion channels, okukhokelela kutshintsho kwi-membrane permeability, kubangela ukungcangcazela kunye nokufa ekugqibeleni.
Kwangaxeshanye, abanye abaphengululi French ingxelo ukuba alkaloids veratroline nako non-ukhuphiswano inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) yezinambuzane.Ngenxa yendlela entsha yesenzo se-veratrotrol alkaloids, uhlaselo lwe-multi-site lungenzeka, kwaye kunzima kwimites ukuziqhelanisa namachiza esayithi enezenzo ezininzi ngotshintsho lwazo lwesakhiwo, ngoko akukho lula ukuphuhlisa ukunganyangeki kweziyobisi.
0.1% CE hellebore rhizome isicatshulwa sokulungiselela iteknoloji.Ixhaswe bubuchwephesha bokutsalwa obuphambili kwaye incediswa bubuchwephesha bokulungiselela obugqwesileyo, ukuxinana komphezulu wechiza kuncinci, okunokukhawuleza ukusonga umzimba wesinambuzane, ukukhuthaza ukungena kunye nokufunxwa kwesisombululo sechiza, kunye nokuphucula isiphumo sezithako ezisebenzayo.Ine-dispersibility entle emanzini, kwaye isisombululo sisobala kwaye siyafana emva kokusasazwa.Amaxesha angama-1000 e-dilution, ixesha lokumanzisa ngokupheleleyo iphepha le-canvas yimizuzwana engama-44, kwaye inokumanzisa ngokukhawuleza kwaye ingene.Idatha yozinzo yokusasazwa kokukhanya okuninzi ibonise ukuba i-0.1% ye-CE veratrum rhizome isicatshulwa sokulungiselela sibe nokuzinza okulungileyo kwaye yadibana ngokupheleleyo neendawo ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa kwentsimi.
Inkqubela phambili yophando kwitekhnoloji yokusetyenziswa kwe-0.1% ye-CE veratrum rhizome extract
Itekhnoloji entsha iphucule kakhulu iipropathi ezisebenza ngokukhawuleza zechiza.Xa kuthelekiswa neteknoloji yangaphambili, imveliso iye yanciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwesithako esisodwa.Ngenkqubo ekhethekileyo, izithako kwimveliso zininzi kakhulu, kwaye umphumo we-synergistic ubonakala ngakumbi.
Kwangaxeshanye, xa isetyenziswa kunye nemichiza ekhoyo yokubulala izitshabalalisi, okokuqala, inokunciphisa kakhulu isiseko sabemi bezinambuzane ezibomvu zesigcawu, inciphise inani lemichiza yokutshabalalisa izinambuzane kunye nokuphucula impembelelo yokulawula.Ukushwankathela, kwixesha eliphezulu leziganeko ze-citrus Panonychus mite eHezhou, eGuangxi, eChina, ukutshiza i-0.1% CE Veratrum rhizome extract + 30% ye-etoxazole yayisebenza kwimizuzu engama-20, akukho zinambuzane ziphilayo zibonwe kwiintsuku ezi-3 emva kokufakwa kwesicelo, kwaye Isiphumo solawulo saba kwiintsuku ezili-11 emva kwesicelo.inokugcinwa ngaphezulu kwe-95%.Kwinqanaba lokuqala le-Jiangxi Ruijin inkaba ye-orenji yesitrasi panclaw mites, 0.1% CE Veratrum rhizome extract + 30% tetramizine bifenazate zonke zafa ngosuku olu-1 emva kokufakwa kwesicelo, kwaye akukho zinambuzane ziphilayo zibonwe kwiintsuku ezi-3 emva kokufakwa kwesicelo., umphumo wokulawula usondele kwi-99% emva kweentsuku ze-16.
Iziphumo zovavanyo lwebhayolojiyo apha ngasentla zibonisa ukuba xa inani elisisiseko lezinambuzane ezibomvu zesigcawu lisezantsi okanye liphezulu, ukusetyenziswa kwearhente enye kunye nokusetyenziswa kwekhompawundi ngemichiza, isicatshulwa serhizome yeVeratella vulgaris inokunciphisa inani lesiseko semibungu ebomvu kwaye iphucule ulawulo. isiphumo semichiza yokutshabalalisa izinambuzane.Ibonise umphumo obalaseleyo wolawulo.Ngelo xesha, i-rhizome extract ye-hellebore ivela kwizityalo.Kwinqanaba eliphakanyisiweyo, kukhuselekile ukusebenzisa kwi-budding, intyatyambo, kunye nezigaba zeziqhamo ezincinci zezityalo ezininzi, kwaye akukho mpembelelo ekwandiseni amahlumela, iintyatyambo kunye neziqhamo.Ikhuselekile kwaye inobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo kwizinto ezingajoliswanga njengeentshaba zendalo zamangolwane, kwaye ayinakumelana nokudibana nezitshabalalisi ezikhoyo kunye nemichiza yeakharisayidi.Ilunge kakhulu kulawulo oluhlanganisiweyo lweemites (IPM).Kwaye kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwemichiza ye-pesticides, ii-residues ze-pesticides zamakhemikhali ezifana ne-etoxazole, i-spirodiclofen, kunye ne-bifenazate kwi-citrus inokuhlangabezana ngokupheleleyo "neMigangatho yoKhuseleko lweSizwe loKhuseleko lokuTya kwiMida yokuNgqogqa kweMida yokuNxwema kwiZitshabalalisi kwiZitya", "i-European Union Ukutya”.UmGangatho woMda weNxale yePesticide kunye ne-US yePesticide Residue Residue Standards kuKutya inika isiqinisekiso esiqinileyo sokhuseleko lokutya kunye nomgangatho kunye nokhuseleko lweemveliso zezolimo.
Itekhnoloji yokuhlela iGene ikhuthaza ukwenziwa kweshishini le-hellebore
IHellebore sisixhobo samayeza esixhaphakileyo kwaye sisityalo esingapheliyo sosapho lweLiliaceae.Ikhula ezintabeni, emahlathini okanye ematyholweni.Isasazwa eShanxi, eHebei, eHenan, eShandong, eLiaoning, eSichuan, eJiangsu nakwezinye iindawo eTshayina.Ityebile kwimithombo yasendle.Ngokutsho kophando, imveliso yonyaka ye-hellebore yonyango isondele kwiitoni ezingama-300-500, kwaye iintlobo ziquka iindidi ezininzi, ezifana ne-hellebore, i-Xing'an hellebore, i-maosu hellebore, kunye ne-Guling hellebore, kunye namacandelo asebenzayo ohlobo ngalunye. ayifani.
Ngophuhliso olukhawulezayo lwe-biotechnology kunye nophando olunzulu malunga nezixhobo zonyango ze-hellebore, ukusetyenziswa kweteknoloji yokuhlela i-gene ukuphucula iintlobo zonyango ze-hellebore kunye nokufuywa okwenziwe ekhaya kweentlobo ze-hellebore zasendle ziye zaqhubela phambili ngezigaba.Ukulima okwenziwa ngokwenziwa kweentlobo ze-hellebore kuya kunciphisa kakhulu umonakalo wokumba i-hellebore kwimithombo ye-germplasm yasendle, kwaye ikhuthaze ngakumbi ukuveliswa kwe-hellebore kwintsimi yezolimo kunye necandelo lezonyango.
Kwixesha elizayo, izicatshulwa ze-hellebore ze-rhizome ezivela kwizityalo zonyango kulindeleke ukuba zinciphise ngokuthe ngcembe ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali ze-acaricides zendabuko, kwaye zenze uphuculo olungakumbi ekuphuculeni umgangatho weemveliso zezolimo, ukuphucula umgangatho kunye nokhuseleko lweemveliso zezolimo, ukuphucula imeko yezolimo. kunye nokugcinwa kwezinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo.igalelo elikhulu.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-08-2022