Umonakalo kwizityalo obangelwa kukukhuphisana nokhula nezinye izinambuzane eziquka iintsholongwane, iibhaktiriya, iifungi, kunye nezinambuzane uyawuphazamisa kakhulu umkhiqizo wazo kwaye kwezinye iimeko zinokutshabalalisa isityalo ngokupheleleyo. Namhlanje, isivuno sesityalo esithembekileyo sifunyanwa ngokusebenzisa iintlobo ezimelana nezifo, iindlela zokulawula izinto eziphilayo, kunye nokusebenzisa izibulali-zinambuzane ukulawula izifo zezityalo, izinambuzane, ukhula, kunye nezinye izinambuzane. Ngo-1983, i-$1.3 yeebhiliyoni yachithwa kwiizinambuzane—ngaphandle kwemithi yokubulala ukhula—ukukhusela nokunciphisa umonakalo kwizityalo ezivela kwizifo zezityalo, ii-nematodes, kunye nezinambuzane. Ukulahleka kwesityalo okunokwenzeka xa kungekho kusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane kudlula kakhulu elo xabiso.
Kangangeminyaka eli-100, ukuzalisana ukuze kuxhathiswe izifo kube yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yemveliso yezolimo kwihlabathi liphela. Kodwa impumelelo efunyenwe ngokuzalisa izityalo ixhomekeke kakhulu kwiziphumo zophando kwaye inokuba yeyokwexeshana. Oko kukuthi, ngenxa yokunqongophala kolwazi olusisiseko malunga nomsebenzi wezakhi zofuzo ukuze kuxhathiswe, izifundo zihlala ziqhutywa ngokungacwangciswanga kunokuba zibe zizifundo ezijoliswe ngqo. Ukongeza, naziphi na iziphumo zinokuba zezexesha elifutshane ngenxa yokutshintsha kwendalo kwezifo kunye nezinye izinambuzane njengoko ulwazi olutsha lwezakhi zofuzo lufakwa kwiinkqubo zezolimo ezintsonkothileyo.
Umzekelo obalaseleyo wempembelelo yotshintsho lwemfuza luphawu lwepollen oluyinyumba olukhuliswe kwiintlobo ezininzi zembewu yombona ukunceda ekuveliseni imbewu exutyiweyo. Izityalo eziqulethe i-Texas (T) cytoplasm zidlulisela olu phawu lwenkunzi oluyinyumba nge-cytoplasm; lunxulunyaniswa nohlobo oluthile lwe-mitochondrion. Abafuyi abaziyo, ezi mitochondria nazo zinobuthathaka kwityhefu eveliswa yi-fungus ebangela izifo.I-Helminthosporiumi-maydisIsiphumo saba yingxaki yesifo samagqabi ombona eMntla Melika ehlotyeni lowama-1970.
Iindlela ezisetyenzisiweyo ekufumaneni iikhemikhali zokubulala izinambuzane nazo bezisoloko zisekelwe kwiziphumo zophando. Ngolwazi oluncinci okanye olungekhoyo ngaphambili malunga nendlela yokusebenza, iikhemikhali ziyavavanywa ukuze kukhethwe ezo zibulala isinambuzane esijoliswe kuso, ifungus, okanye ukhula kodwa zingalimazi isityalo okanye okusingqongileyo.
Iindlela zobuchule ziye zavelisa impumelelo enkulu ekulawuleni ezinye izinambuzane, ingakumbi ukhula, izifo zefungus, kunye nezinambuzane, kodwa umzabalazo uyaqhubeka, kuba utshintsho lwezakhi zofuzo kwezi zinambuzane lunokubuyisela ubukho bazo kwizityalo ezahlukeneyo ezimelana nokumelana okanye lwenze izinambuzane zimelane nokubulala izinambuzane. Okushiyekileyo kulo mjikelo ubonakala ungenasiphelo wokuchasana nokumelana kukuqonda ngokucacileyo izinto eziphilayo kunye nezityalo ezizihlaselayo. Njengoko ulwazi ngezinambuzane—izakhi zofuzo zazo, i-biochemistry, kunye ne-physiology, abanini bazo kunye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwazo—kuya kwandiswa, kulawulwe ngcono kwaye kusebenze ngakumbi amanyathelo okulawula izinambuzane.
Esi sahluko sichaza iindlela ezahlukeneyo zophando zokuqonda ngcono iindlela ezisisiseko zebhayoloji ezinokusetyenziswa ukulawula iintsholongwane zezityalo kunye nezinambuzane. Ibhayoloji yemolekyuli inika iindlela ezintsha zokwahlula nokufunda isenzo seejini. Ubukho bezityalo ezihlala zikhuselekile nezinganyangekiyo kunye neentsholongwane ezinobungozi nezinobungozi zinokusetyenziswa ukuchonga nokwahlula iijini ezilawula ukusebenzisana phakathi komninimzi kunye nentsholongwane. Izifundo zesakhiwo esihle sezi jini zinokukhokelela kwizikhokelo malunga nokusebenzisana kwe-biochemical okwenzeka phakathi kwezinto ezimbini eziphilayo kunye nokulawulwa kwezi jini kwi-pathogen nakwizicubu zesityalo. Kufanele ukuba kunokwenzeka kwixesha elizayo ukuphucula iindlela kunye namathuba okudlulisela iimpawu ezinqwenelekayo zokuxhathisa kwizityalo zezityalo kwaye, ngokuchaseneyo, ukudala iintsholongwane eziya kuba zinobungozi ngokuchasene nokhula olukhethiweyo okanye izinambuzane ezinobungozi. Ukuqonda okwandisiweyo kwe-neurobiology yezinambuzane kunye nekhemistri kunye nesenzo sezinto eziguqulayo, ezifana neehomoni ze-endocrine ezilawula i-metamorphosis, i-diapause, kunye nokuzala, kuya kuvula iindlela ezintsha zokulawula izinambuzane ezinobungozi ngokuphazamisa i-physiology yazo kunye nokuziphatha kwizigaba ezibalulekileyo kumjikelo wobomi.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Epreli-14-2021