Umonakalo wezityalo obangelwa lukhuphiswano lokhula nezinye izinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo eziquka iintsholongwane, iintsholongwane, ukungunda kunye nezinambuzane uyonakalisa kakhulu imveliso yazo yaye kwezinye iimeko unokutshabalalisa isityalo ngokupheleleyo.Namhlanje, isivuno esinokuthenjwa sifunyanwa kusetyenziswa iintlobo zezityalo ezikwaziyo ukumelana nezifo, iindlela zokulawula izinto eziphilayo, nangokugalela izibulali-zinambuzane ukuze kuthintelwe izifo zezityalo, izinambuzane, ukhula nezinye izinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo.Ngowe-1983, iidola ezisisi-1,3 samawaka ezigidi zachithwa kwizibulali-zinambuzane—ngaphandle kwemichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula—ukuze kukhuselwe kuze kuthintelwe umonakalo kwizityalo ezibangelwa zizifo zezityalo, iinematodes nezinambuzane.Ilahleko yezityalo enokubakho ngokungabikho kokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane kulidlula kakhulu elo xabiso.
Malunga neminyaka eyi-100, ukufuya ukuxhathisa izifo kuye kwaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yemveliso yezolimo kwihlabathi jikelele.Kodwa iimpumelelo eziphunyezwe ngokuzalanisa izityalo ubukhulu becala zinobungqina kwaye zinokuba yi-ephemeral.Oko kukuthi, ngenxa yokunqongophala kolwazi olusisiseko malunga nomsebenzi weejini zokuxhathisa, izifundo zihlala zingenamkhethe kunokuba zijolise ngokukodwa.Ukongeza, naziphi na iziphumo zinokuphila ixesha elifutshane ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemo ye-pathogens kunye nezinye izitshabalalisi njengoko ulwazi olutsha lwemfuzo lungeniswa kwiinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo ze-agroecology.
Owona mzekelo ubalaseleyo wefuthe lotshintsho lwemfuza luphawu lwepollen oyinyumba oluveliswe kwezona ntlobo ziphambili zombona ukunceda ekuvelisweni kwembewu engumxube.Izityalo eziqukethe i-cytoplasm yaseTexas (T) idlulisela le mpawu yendoda eyinyumba nge-cytoplasm;inxulumene nohlobo oluthile lwemitochondrion.Ayaziwa ngabafuyi, ezi mitochondria zikwathwele umngcipheko kwityhefu eveliswa yi-pathogenic fungus.Helminthosporiummaydis.Umphumo waba ngubhubhani wamagqabi ombona kuMntla Merika ngehlobo lowe-1970.
Iindlela ezisetyenzisiweyo ekufunyanweni kweekhemikhali zezitshabalalisi zikwanamandla kakhulu.Ngolwazi oluncinci okanye olungekho ngaphambili malunga nendlela yokusebenza, imichiza iyavavanywa ukuze ikhethe ezo zibulala inambuzane ekujoliswe kuyo, ukungunda, okanye ukhula kodwa zingonakalisi isityalo sesityalo okanye indalo esingqongileyo.
Iindlela zobuchule zivelise impumelelo enkulu ekulawuleni ezinye izinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo, ngakumbi ukhula, izifo zokungunda, kunye nezinambuzane, kodwa umzabalazo uyaqhubeka, kuba utshintsho lwemfuza kwezi zinambuzane zihlala zibuyisela ubungangamsha bazo kuhlobo lwezityalo ezixhathisayo okanye zinike isitshabalalisi ukumelana nesitshabalalisi. .Into engekhoyo kulo mjikelo ocacileyo wokungabi nasiphelo kunye nokuxhathisa kukuqonda okucacileyo kokubini kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nezityalo ezizihlaselayo.Njengoko ulwazi lwezinambuzane-i-genetics, i-biochemistry, kunye ne-physiology, imikhosi yabo kunye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwabo-ukwanda, ukulawulwa ngcono kunye neendlela ezisebenzayo zokulawula izinambuzane ziya kuqulunqwa.
Esi sahluko sichonga iindlela ezininzi zophando ekuqondeni ngcono iindlela zebhayoloji ezisisiseko ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ukulawula iintsholongwane zezityalo kunye nezinambuzane.Ibhayoloji yeemolekyuli ibonelela ngobuchule obutsha bokwahlula nokufunda isenzo semfuza.Ubukho bezityalo ezixhatshazwayo kunye nezixhathisayo kunye neentsholongwane ezinobungozi kunye ne-avirulent zingasetyenziselwa ukuchonga kunye nokwahlula iijeni ezilawula intsebenziswano phakathi komkhosi kunye ne-pathogen.Uphononongo lolwakhiwo oluhle lwale mizila yemfuza lunokukhokelela kwiingcebiso malunga nokusebenzisana kwe-biochemical okwenzeka phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ezimbini kunye nokulawulwa kwezi mfuzo kwi-pathogen nakwizicubu zesityalo.Kumele ukuba kwixesha elizayo kuphuculwe iindlela kunye namathuba okudluliselwa kweempawu ezinqwenelekayo zokumelana nezityalo zezityalo kwaye, ngokuchaseneyo, ukudala iintsholongwane eziya kuba yingozi ngokuchasene nokhula olukhethiweyo okanye izinambuzane ze-arthropod.Ukuqonda okwandisiweyo kwezinambuzane ze-neurobiology kunye ne-chemistry kunye nesenzo sokulungelelanisa izinto, ezifana ne-hormone ye-endocrine elawula i-metamorphosis, i-diapause, kunye nokuzala, kuya kuvula iindlela ezintsha zokulawula izinambuzane zezinambuzane ngokuphazamisa i-physiology kunye nokuziphatha kwazo kumanqanaba abalulekileyo kumjikelezo wobomi. .
Ixesha lokuposa: Apr-14-2021