Ukuvalwa kwakutshanje eYurophu bubungqina bokuxhalaba okwandayo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane kunye nokuncipha kwenani leenyosi. I-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo ichonge izibulali-zinambuzane ezingaphezu kwama-70 ezinobungozi kakhulu kwiinyosi. Nazi iindidi eziphambili zezibulali-zinambuzane ezinxulumene nokufa kweenyosi kunye nokuncipha kwezinambuzane ezisasaza impova.
IiNeonicotinoids IiNeonicotinoids (iiNeonicotinoids) luludidi lwezibulala-zinambuzane ezisebenza ngendlela eqhelekileyo zihlasela inkqubo yemithambo-luvo ephakathi yezinambuzane, zibangele ukukhubazeka nokufa. Uphando lubonise ukuba iintsalela zeNeonicotinoid zinokuqokelelana kwipollen kunye ne-nectar yezityalo ezinyangiweyo, nto leyo ebeka umngcipheko kwizinambuzane ezisasaza ipollen. Ngenxa yoku kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo ngokubanzi, kukho iinkxalabo ezinkulu zokuba iiNeonicotinoids zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunciphiseni izinambuzane ezisasaza ipollen.
Izibulali-zinambuzane zeNeonicotinoid nazo zihlala zikho kwindalo esingqongileyo kwaye, xa zisetyenziswa njengonyango lwembewu, zidluliselwa kwi-pollen kunye ne-nectar residues zezityalo ezinyangiweyo. Imbewu enye yanele ukubulala intaka eculayo. Ezi zibulali-zinambuzane zinokungcolisa imijelo yamanzi kwaye ziyingozi kakhulu kwizidalwa zasemanzini. Ityala lezibulali-zinambuzane zeNeonicotinoid libonisa iingxaki ezimbini eziphambili kwiinkqubo zangoku zokubhalisa izibulali-zinambuzane kunye neendlela zokuvavanya umngcipheko: ukuxhomekeka kuphando lwesayensi oluxhaswa yishishini olungahambelani nophando oluphononongwa ngontanga, kunye nokunganeli kweenkqubo zangoku zokuvavanya umngcipheko ukuze kujongwe iziphumo ezingaphantsi kwezifo zezibulali-zinambuzane.
I-Sulfoxaflor yabhaliswa okokuqala ngo-2013 kwaye idale impikiswano enkulu. I-Suloxaflor luhlobo olutsha lwesibulali-zinambuzane se-sulfenimide esineempawu zeekhemikhali ezifana nezibulali-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid. Emva kwesigqibo senkundla, i-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) yabhalisa kwakhona i-sulfenamide ngo-2016, inciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo ukunciphisa ukuvezwa kwiinyosi. Kodwa nokuba oku kunciphisa iindawo zokusetyenziswa kwaye kunciphisa ixesha lokusetyenziswa, ubuthi be-sulfoxaflor buqinisekisa ukuba la manyathelo awayi kuphelisa ngokwaneleyo ukusetyenziswa kwale khemikhali. Ii-Pyrethroids nazo zibonakalisiwe ukuba ziyaphazamisa indlela yokufunda kunye nokuziphatha kokufuna ukutya kweenyosi. Ii-Pyrethroids zihlala zinxulunyaniswa nokufa kweenyosi kwaye zifunyenwe ukuba zinciphisa kakhulu ukuzala kweenyosi, zinciphisa izinga apho iinyosi zikhula zibe ngabantu abadala, kwaye zandise ixesha lazo lokungavuthwa. Ii-Pyrethroids zifumaneka kakhulu kwi-pollen. Ii-pyrethroids ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ziquka i-bifenthrin, i-deltamethrin, i-cypermethrin, i-phenethrin, kunye ne-permethrin. Isetyenziswa kakhulu ekulawuleni izinambuzane zangaphakathi nezasengca, iFipronil sisibulali-zinambuzane esinobungozi kakhulu kwizinambuzane. Sinobungozi obuphakathi kwaye sinxulunyaniswa nokuphazamiseka kwamahomoni, umhlaza we-thyroid, ubuthi be-neuro, kunye neziphumo zokuzala. IFipronil ibonakalisiwe ukuba inciphisa ukusebenza kokuziphatha kunye nobuchule bokufunda kwiinyosi. Ii-Organophosphates. Ii-Organophosphates ezifana ne-malathion kunye ne-spikenard zisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zokulawula iingcongconi kwaye zinokubeka iinyosi emngciphekweni. Zombini zinobungozi kakhulu kwiinyosi nakwezinye izinto eziphilayo ezingajoliswanga kuzo, kwaye ukufa kweenyosi kuye kwaxelwa ngokutshiza okunetyhefu ephantsi kakhulu. Iinyosi zichatshazelwa ngokungathanga ngqo kwezi zinambuzane ngokusebenzisa iintsalela ezishiywe kwizityalo nakwezinye iindawo emva kokutshiza iingcongconi. Ipollen, iwax kunye nobusi kufunyenwe ukuba ziqulethe iintsalela.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Septemba-12-2023