Ukuvalwa kwamva nje eYurophu bubungqina bokuxhalaba okukhulayo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwe-pesticide kunye nokuncipha kweenyosi.I-Arhente yoKhuseleko lokusiNgqongileyo ichonge ngaphezu kwe-70 ye-pesticides enetyhefu kakhulu kwiinyosi.Nazi iindidi eziphambili zezibulali-zinambuzane ezinxulumene nokufa kweenyosi kunye nokwehla kwe-pollinator.
I-Neonicotinoids I-Neonicotinoids (i-neonics) yiklasi yezinambuzane ezinendlela yokusebenza ngokubanzi ehlasela inkqubo ye-nervous central yezinambuzane, ezibangela ukukhubazeka nokufa.Uphando luye lwabonisa ukuba i-neonicotinoid i-residues inokuqokelela kwi-pollen kunye ne-nectar yezityalo eziphathwayo, ezibeka umngcipheko onokubakho kwi-pollinators.Ngenxa yoku kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo ngokubanzi, kukho iinkxalabo ezinzulu zokuba i-neonicotinoids idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunciphiseni kwe-pollinator.
I-Neonicotinoid insecticide iphinda iqhube kwindalo kwaye, xa isetyenziswe njengonyango lwembewu, idluliselwa kwi-pollen kunye ne-nectar intsalela yezityalo eziphathwayo.Imbewu enye yanele ukubulala intaka eculayo.Ezi zitshabalalisi zinokungcolisa imijelo yamanzi kwaye ziyityhefu kakhulu kubomi basemanzini.Icala le-neonicotinoid pesticides libonisa iingxaki ezimbini eziphambili kunye neenkqubo zokubhalisa i-pesticide yangoku kunye neendlela zokuvavanya umngcipheko: ukuxhomekeka kuphando lwezesayensi oluxhaswa ngemali zoshishino olungahambelani nophando oluhlaziywa ngontanga, kunye nokungaphumeleli kweenkqubo zokuhlola umngcipheko wangoku ukuphendula kwimiphumo engathandekiyo izibulali zinambuzane.
I-Sulfoxaflor yabhaliswa okokuqala kwi-2013 kwaye ivelise ingxabano enkulu.I-Suloxaflor luhlobo olutsha lwe-sulfenimide pesticide eneempawu zekhemikhali ezifana ne-neonicotinoid pesticides.Ukulandela isigqibo senkundla, i-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo yase-US (i-EPA) iphinde yabhalisa i-sulfenamide kwi-2016, inciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo ukunciphisa ukubonakaliswa kweenyosi.Kodwa nangona oku kunciphisa iindawo zokusetyenziswa kunye nokunciphisa ixesha lokusetyenziswa, ubuthi benkqubo ye-sulfoxaflor buqinisekisa ukuba le milinganiselo ayiyi kuphelisa ngokwaneleyo ukusetyenziswa kwale khemikhali.IiPyrethroids nazo zibonakaliswe ukuba ziphazamise ukufunda kunye nokuziphatha kweenyosi.I-Pyrethroids ivame ukudibaniswa nokufa kweenyosi kwaye ifunyenwe ukunciphisa kakhulu ukuzala kweenyosi, ukunciphisa izinga apho iinyosi zikhula zibe ngabantu abadala, kwaye zandise ixesha lokungakhuli.Iipyrethroids zifumaneka kakhulu kwi-pollen.Iipyrethroids ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ziquka i-bifenthrin, i-deltamethrin, i-cypermethrin, i-phenethrin, kunye ne-permethrin.Isetyenziswa kakhulu kulawulo lwezitshabalalisi zangaphakathi kunye nengca, iFipronil sisibulali zinambuzane esinetyhefu enkulu kwizinambuzane.Inetyhefu ephakathi kwaye iye yadityaniswa nokuphazamiseka kwehomoni, umhlaza wegilo, i-neurotoxicity, kunye neziphumo zokuzala.I-Fipronil ibonakaliswe ukunciphisa ukusebenza kokuziphatha kunye nokukwazi ukufunda kwiinyosi.Organophosphates.Ii-Organophosphates ezifana ne-malathion kunye ne-spikenard zisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zokulawula iingcongconi kwaye zinokubeka iinyosi emngciphekweni.Zombini zinetyhefu kakhulu kwiinyosi kunye nezinye izinto ezingajoliswanga, kwaye ukufa kweenyosi kuye kwabikwa ngezitshizi ezinobuthi obuphantsi kakhulu.Iinyosi zisesichengeni ngokungangqalanga kwezi zitshabalalisi ngokusebenzisa iintsalela ezishiywe kwizityalo kunye neminye imiphezulu emva kokutshiza ingcongconi.I-pollen, i-wax kunye nobusi zifunyenwe zineentsalela.
Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-12-2023