UKarl Dirks, owatyala iihektare ezili-1,000 zomhlaba eMount Joy, ePennsylvania, ebesiva ngokunyuka kwamaxabiso e-glyphosate kunye ne-glufosinate, kodwa akanaxhala ngale nto. Uthe: “Ndicinga ukuba ixabiso liza kuzilungisa. Amaxabiso aphezulu adla ngokunyuka. Andixhalabanga kakhulu. Ndingomnye weqela labantu abangakhathaliyo okwangoku, kodwa ndilumkile kancinci. Siza kufumana indlela.”
Nangona kunjalo, iChip Bowling, etyale iihektare ezingama-275 zombona kunye neehektare ezili-1,250 zesoya eNewberg, eMaryland, ayinathemba kangako. Kutshanje izame uku-odola i-glyphosate kwi-R&D Cross, umsasazi wembewu kunye negalelo lasekuhlaleni, kodwa umsasazi akakwazanga ukunika ixabiso elithile okanye umhla wokuhanjiswa. Ngokutsho kweBowling, kunxweme olusempuma, baye bafumana isivuno esikhulu (iminyaka eliqela ilandelelana). Kodwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka embalwa, kuya kubakho iminyaka enemveliso ephakathi kakhulu. Ukuba ihlobo elizayo lishushu kwaye lomile, kunokuba yingxaki enkulu kwabanye abalimi.
Amaxabiso e-glyphosate kunye ne-glufosinate (Liberty) adlule kwinqanaba eliphezulu lembali ngenxa yokungabikho kombane okuqhubekayo kwaye akukho phuculo lulindelekileyo ngaphambi kwentwasahlobo ezayo.
Ngokutsho kukaDwight Lingenfelter, ingcali yokhula kwiYunivesithi yasePenn State, kukho izinto ezininzi ezibangela oku, kuquka iingxaki zobonelelo eziqhubekayo ezibangelwa yintsholongwane entsha ye-crown pneumonia, ukungakwazi ukumba ilitye le-phosphate elaneleyo lokwenza i-glyphosate, iingxaki zeContainer kunye nokugcinwa, kunye nokuvalwa nokuvulwa kwakhona kwesityalo esikhulu seBayer CropScience eLouisiana ngenxa yeNkanyamba i-Ida.
ULingenfelter ukholelwa ukuba: “Oku kubangelwa kukubekwa kwezinto ezahlukeneyo okwangoku.” Uthe i-glyphosate esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-$12.50 ngegaloni ngo-2020 ngoku ifuna i-$35 ukuya kwi-$40. I-Glufosinate-ammonium, eyayifumaneka nge-$33 ukuya kwi-$34 ngegaloni ngelo xesha, ngoku icela i-$80. Ukuba unethamsanqa loku-odola amayeza okubulala ukhula, lungela ukulinda.
“Abanye abantu bacinga ukuba ukuba iodolo ingafika ngenene, isenokungafiki kude kube nguJuni kunyaka ozayo okanye kamva ehlotyeni. Ngokwembono yokubulala ukhula, le yingxaki. Ndicinga ukuba kulapho sikhoyo ngoku. Kwiimeko, kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela ngokupheleleyo oko kunokwenziwa ukugcina iimveliso,” utshilo uLingenfelter. Ukunqongophala “kwengca ezimbini” kunokukhokelela kwisiphumo esibalulekileyo sokunqongophala kwe-2,4-D okanye i-clethodim. IClethodim lukhetho oluthembekileyo lokulawula ingca.
Ukunikezelwa kweemveliso ze-glyphosate kugcwele ukungaqiniseki
U-Ed Snyder weSnyder's Crop Service eMount Joy, ePennsylvania, uthe akakholelwa ukuba inkampani yakhe iya kuba ne-glyphosate entwasahlobo ezayo.
USnyder uthe le yindlela awaxelela ngayo abathengi bakhe. Abakwazanga ukunika umhla oqikelelweyo. Andinakuthembisa ukuba zingaphi iimveliso onokuzifumana. Ukwathe ngaphandle kwe-glyphosate, abathengi bakhe banokutshintshela kwezinye izibulali-zinambuzane eziqhelekileyo, ezifana neGramoxone (paraquat). Iindaba ezimnandi zezokuba ii-premixes ezibizwa ngokuba yi-brand equlethe i-glyphosate, ezifana neHalex GT emva kokuvela, zisafumaneka ngokubanzi.
UShawn Miller weMelvin Weaver and Sons uthe ixabiso lemithi yokubulala ukhula linyuke kakhulu. Ubexoxa nabathengi ngexabiso eliphezulu abazimisele ukulihlawula ngemveliso kunye nendlela yokwandisa ixabiso lemithi yokubulala ukhula ngegaloni nganye xa befumana ixabiso lempahla.
UMiller akasayi kwamkela neeodolo zika-2022, kuba zonke iimveliso zithengiswa ngexabiso eliphantsi, nto leyo eyahlukileyo kakhulu kwimeko apho zazinokubizwa ngexabiso kwangaphambili kwixesha elidlulileyo. Nangona kunjalo, usakholelwa ukuba xa kufika intwasahlobo, iimveliso ziya kuvela, kwaye uthandazela ukuba kube ngolu hlobo. Uthe: “Asinakubeka ixabiso kuba asazi ukuba ixabiso liphi. Wonke umntu uxhalabile ngalo.”
Iingcali azisebenzisi kakhulu izibulali-zinambuzane
Kwabo balimi banethamsanqa lokufumana iimveliso ngaphambi kokuba kuqale intwasahlobo, uLingenfelter ucebisa ukuba bacinge ngendlela yokugcina iimveliso okanye bazame ezinye iindlela zokuchitha ixesha lokuqala kwentwasahlobo. Uthe endaweni yokusebenzisa i-Roundup Powermax engama-32-ounce, kungcono ukuyinciphisa ibe yi-22 ounces. Ukongeza, ukuba unikezelo lulinganiselwe, ixesha lokutshiza kufuneka liqondwe - nokuba kukubulala okanye kutshiza kwizityalo.
Ukuyeka iintlobo zesoya ezingama-30 intshi uze utshintshele kwiintlobo zesoya ezingama-15 intshi kunokwenza i-canopy ibe nkulu kwaye ikhuphisane nokhula. Kakade ke, ukulungiswa komhlaba ngamanye amaxesha kuyindlela, kodwa ngaphambi koko, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ukusilela kwayo: ukunyuka kweendleko zepetroli, ukulahleka komhlaba, kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kokungalimi ixesha elide.
ULingenfelter uthe uphando lubalulekile, njengokulawula ulindelo lwentsimi ecocekileyo.
“Kunyaka olandelayo okanye emibini, singabona amasimi amaninzi anokhula,” utshilo. “Kwiminye imifuno, lungela ukwamkela ukuba izinga lokulawula limalunga ne-70% kuphela endaweni ye-90% yangaphambili.”
Kodwa le ngcamango ikwanazo neengxaki zayo. ULingenfelter uthe ukhula oluninzi luthetha ukuba isivuno siphantsi kwaye ukhula olunengxaki luya kuba nzima ukululawula. Xa usebenza ngemidiliya ye-amaranth kunye ne-amaranth, izinga lokulawula ukhula le-75% alanelanga. Kwi-shamrock okanye i-quinoa yeengcambu ezibomvu, izinga lokulawula le-75% linokwanela. Uhlobo lokhula luya kumisela izinga lolawulo oluthambileyo phezu kwazo.
UGary Snyder weNutrien, osebenza nabalimi abamalunga ne-150 kumzantsi-mpuma wePennsylvania, uthe nokuba yeyiphi na i-herbicide efikayo, nokuba yi-glyphosate okanye i-glufosinate, iya kulinganiswa kwaye isetyenziswe ngononophelo.
Uthe abalimi kufuneka bandise ukhetho lwabo lwemithi yokubulala ukhula entwasahlobo ezayo baze bagqibezele izicwangciso ngokukhawuleza ukuze ukhula lungabi yingxaki enkulu ngexesha lokutyala. Ucebisa abalimi abangakakhethi ii-corn hybrids ukuba bathenge imbewu enokhetho olufanelekileyo lwemfuza ukuze balawule ukhula kamva.
“Ingxaki enkulu yimbewu efanelekileyo. Futha ngokukhawuleza. Nika ingqalelo ukhula kwisityalo. Iimveliso ezaphuma ngeminyaka yoo-1990 zisesesitokhweni, kwaye oku kungenziwa. Zonke iindlela kufuneka ziqwalaselwe,” utshilo uSnyder.
UBowling uthe uza kugcina zonke iindlela. Ukuba amaxabiso ezinto ezifakwayo, kuquka nemithi yokubulala ukhula, ayaqhubeka nokuba phezulu kwaye amaxabiso ezityalo engaqhubeki, uceba ukutshintshela amasimi amaninzi kwiisoya, kuba iisoya zitshiphu ukuzilima. Usenokutshintsha amasimi amaninzi ukuze alime ingca yeforage.
ULingenfelter unethemba lokuba abalimi abayi kulinda kude kube sekupheleni kobusika okanye entwasahlobo ukuze baqalise ukunikel’ ingqalelo kule ngxaki. Uthe: “Ndiyathemba ukuba wonke umntu uza kuyithatha nzulu le ngxaki. Ndixhalabile ukuba abantu abaninzi baza kubanjwa bengalindelanga ngelo xesha. Bacinga ukuba ngoMatshi kunyaka ozayo, baza kubeka iodolo kumthengisi kwaye baza kukwazi ukuthatha ilori egcwele izibulali-zinambuzane okanye izibulali-zinambuzane ngaloo mini inye. . Xa ndicinga ngayo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba bakhuphe amehlo abo.”
Ixesha lokuthumela: Disemba-15-2021