UKarl Dirks, otyale umhlaba oziihektare ezili-1,000 eMount Joy, ePennsylvania, uvile ngokunyuka kwamaxabiso eglyphosate kunye neglufosinate, kodwa akanaxhala malunga noku.Wathi: “Ndicinga ukuba ixabiso liza kuzilungisa ngokwalo.Amaxabiso aphezulu athanda ukuya phezulu nangaphezulu.Andikhathazekanga kakhulu.Ndingoweqela labantu abangekaxhalabi, kodwa balumke kancinci.Siza kufumana indlela. ”
Nangona kunjalo, iChip Bowling, etyale iihektare ezingama-275 zombona kunye neehektare ezili-1,250 zeembotyi zesoya eNewberg, eMaryland, ayinathemba kangako.Kungekudala wazama uku-odola i-glyphosate kwi-R & D Cross, imbewu yendawo kunye nokusabalalisa igalelo, kodwa umthengisi akazange akwazi ukunika ixabiso elithile okanye umhla wokuhanjiswa.Ngokuka Bowling, kunxweme olusempuma, baye banesivuno esikhulu (iminyaka emininzi ilandelelana).Kodwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka embalwa, kuya kubakho iminyaka enemveliso ephakathi kakhulu.Ukuba ihlobo elizayo kushushu kwaye komile, kusenokuba sisibetho esibi kubalimi abathile.
Amaxabiso e-glyphosate kunye ne-glufosinate (Inkululeko) idlule iphakamileyo kwimbali ngenxa yokuqhubeka kokunikezelwa okubuthathaka kwaye akukho phuculo olulindelekileyo ngaphambi kwentwasahlobo ezayo.
NgokukaDwight Lingenfelter, ingcaphephe yokhula kwiYunivesithi yasePenn State, kukho izinto ezininzi zoku, kubandakanya iingxaki zobonelelo oluhlala luhleli olubangelwa sisibetho esitsha senyumoniya, ukungakwazi ukwemba ilitye elaneleyo le-phosphate ukwenza i-glyphosate, isikhongozeli kunye nemiba yokugcina, kunye nokuvalwa kunye nokuvulwa kwakhona kwesityalo esikhulu seBayer CropScience eLouisiana ngenxa yeNkanyamba i-Ida.
ULingenfelter ukholelwa ukuba: “Oku kubangelwa kukuphakama kwezinto ezahlukahlukeneyo ngoku.”Uthe i-glyphosate yenjongo ngokubanzi kwi-12.50 yeedola ngegaloni ngo-2020 ngoku icela i-35 yeedola ukuya kwi-40 yeedola.I-Glufosinate-ammonium, eyayifumaneka kwi-US $ 33 ukuya kwi-US $ 34 ngegaloni nganye ngelo xesha, ngoku icela i-US $ 80.Ukuba ube nethamsanqa ngokwaneleyo loku-odola imichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula, zilungiselele ukulinda.
“Abanye abantu bacinga ukuba ukuba iodolo inokufika ngenene, inokungafiki kude kube nguJuni kulo nyaka uzayo okanye kamva ehlotyeni.Ngokombono wokubulala ukhula, oku kuyingxaki.Ndicinga ukuba kulapho sikhoyo ngoku.Kwiimeko, kuyafuneka ukuba kuqwalaselwe ngokubanzi into enokwenziwa ukusindisa iimveliso,” utshilo uLingenfelter.Ukunqongophala "kwengca ezimbini" kunokukhokelela kwisiphumo sokubambisana kwe-2,4-D okanye ukunqongophala kwe-clethodim.I-Clethodim lukhetho oluthembekileyo lokulawula ingca.
Ukunikezelwa kweemveliso ze-glyphosate kugcwele ukungaqiniseki
U-Ed Snyder we-Snyder's Crop Service eMount Joy, ePennsylvania, uthe akakholelwa ukuba inkampani yakhe iya kuba ne-glyphosate kwintwasahlobo elandelayo.
USnyder wathi le yindlela awayebaxelela ngayo abathengi bakhe.Abakwazanga ukunika umhla oqikelelweyo.Awunakuthembisa ukuba zingaphi iimveliso onokuzifumana.Kwakhona wathi ngaphandle kwe-glyphosate, abathengi bakhe banokutshintshela kwezinye izibulali-zinambuzane eziqhelekileyo, ezifana neGramoxone (paraquat).Iindaba ezilungileyo kukuba i-brand-name premixes equkethe i-glyphosate, efana ne-Halex GT ye-post-emergence, isafumaneka ngokubanzi.
UShawn Miller waseMelvin Weaver kunye noSonyana uthe ixabiso lemichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula linyuke kakhulu.Ebexoxa nabathengi ngelona xabiso liphezulu abazimisele ukulihlawulela imveliso kunye nendlela yokunyusa ixabiso leyeza lokutshabalalisa ukhula ngegaloni xa befumana iimpahla.ixabiso.
UMiller akayi kwamkela ii-odolo ze-2022, kuba zonke iimveliso zinexabiso kwindawo yokuthunyelwa, eyahluke kakhulu kwimeko apho inokuthengwa kwangaphambili ngaphambili.Nangona kunjalo, usakholelwa ukuba xa kufika intwasahlobo, iimveliso ziya kuvela, kwaye uthandazela ukuba kube njalo.Uthe: “Asikwazi ukumisela ixabiso kuba asiyazi ukuba liphi na ixabiso.Wonke umntu unexhala ngayo.”
Iingcali zisebenzisa imichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula ngononophelo
Kwabo balimi banethamsanqa ngokwaneleyo lokufumana iimveliso ngaphambi kwentwasahlobo, uLingenfelter ucebisa ukuba bacinge ngendlela yokugcina iimveliso okanye bazame ezinye iindlela zokuchitha intwasahlobo yokuqala.Wathi endaweni yokusebenzisa i-32-ounce Roundup Powermax, kungcono ukunciphisa ukuya kuma-ounces angama-22.Ukongeza, ukuba unikezelo lunqongophele, ixesha lokutshiza kufuneka liqondwe-nokuba kukubulala okanye ukutshiza kwizityalo.
Ukuyeka iindidi zeembotyi zesoya ezii-intshi ezingama-30 kunye nokutshintshela kwiintlobo ze-intshi ezili-15 kungenza i-canopy ibe ngqindilili kwaye ikhuphisane nokhula.Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukulungiswa komhlaba ngamanye amaxesha kunokhetho, kodwa ngaphambi koko, iintsilelo zayo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe: ukunyuka kweendleko zepetroli, ukulahleka komhlaba, kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwexesha elide lokungaphehli umhlaba.
U-Lingenfelter uthe uphando lukwabalulekile, njengokulawula okulindelweyo kwintsimi emsulwa.
“Kunyaka okanye emibini ezayo, sinokubona amasimi anokhula ngakumbi,” utshilo."Kolunye ukhula, zilungiselele ukwamkela ukuba izinga lokulawula limalunga nama-70% kuphela endaweni ye-90% yangaphambili."
Kodwa le ngcamango nayo ineengxaki zayo.U-Lingenfelter uthe ukhula oluninzi luthetha isivuno esisezantsi kwaye ukhula oluyingxaki kuya kuba nzima ukululawula.Xa ujongene nemithi ye-amaranth kunye ne-amaranth, i-75% yezinga lokutshatyalaliswa kokhula ayonelanga.Kwi-shamrock okanye i-quinoa yengcambu ebomvu, izinga lokulawula i-75% linokwanela.Uhlobo lokhula luya kugqiba ubungakanani bolawulo oluthambileyo kulo.
UGary Snyder waseNutrien, osebenza malunga nabalimi be-150 kumzantsi-mpuma wePennsylvania, uthe kungakhathaliseki ukuba yiyiphi i-herbicide efikayo, ingaba i-glyphosate okanye i-glufosinate, iya kunikwa kwaye isetyenziswe ngononophelo.
Uthe abalimi kufuneka bandise ukhetho lwabo lweyeza lokutshabalalisa ukhula kwintwasahlobo ezayo kwaye bagqibezele izicwangciso ngokukhawuleza ukuthintela ukhula lube yingxaki enkulu ngexesha lokutyala.Ucebisa abalimi abangekayikhethi imihlanganiselwa yombona ukuba bathenge imbewu eneyona ndlela yofuzo yokukhetha ukhula kamva.
“Eyona ngxaki inkulu yimbewu eyiyo.Chitha ngokukhawuleza.Nika ingqalelo ukhula olukwisityalo.Iimveliso ezaphuma kwiminyaka yee-1990 zisesitokhweni, kwaye oku kunokwenziwa.Zonke iindlela kufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo, ”utshilo uSnyder.
U-Bowling uthe uya kugcina zonke iinketho.Ukuba amaxabiso amagalelo, kuqukwa nemichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula, aqhubeleka ukuba phezulu kwaye namaxabiso ezityalo asilele ukugcinana, uceba ukutshintshela amasimi amaninzi kwiimbotyi zesoya, kuba iimbotyi zesoya zitshiphu ukuzikhulisa.Usenokutshintsha amasimi amaninzi ukuze akhulise ingca yefula.
I-Lingenfelter inethemba lokuba abalimi abayi kulinda kude kube sekupheleni kobusika okanye intwasahlobo ukuze baqale ukunikela ingqalelo kulo mbandela.Wathi: “Ndiyathemba ukuba wonke umntu uza kuwuthatha nzulu lo mbandela.Ndinexhala lokuba abantu abaninzi baya kubanjwa bengalindelanga ngelo xesha.Bacinga ukuba ngeyoKwindla kulo nyaka uzayo, baza kufaka iodolo kumthengisi lowo kwaye baya kuba nakho ukugoduka nelori eneyeza okanye izibulali-zinambuzane kwangolo suku lunye..Ndithe ndakuyicinga le nto, mhlawumbi bawakhuphe amehlo.”
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-15-2021